DigitalUM :: Browsing by Subject "Regeneration"

Browsing by Subject "Regeneration"

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Open Access
Adipose-derived stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration: current concepts and optimization strategies
(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2018) Gu, Xingjian; Li, Caixin; Yin, Feng; Yang, Guanghua
Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is the most common progressive joint disorder associated with disability in the world. As a chronic disease, KOA has multifactorial etiology. However, the poor self-healing ability of the articular cartilage due to its intrinsic tissue hypovascularity and hypocellularity seems to be directly incriminated in the physio-pathological mechanism of KOA. While conventional therapies result in unfavorable clinical outcomes, regenerative cell therapies have shown great promise in articular cartilage regeneration. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) appear to be an ideal alternative to bone-marrow derived stem cells (BMSCs) and autologous chondrocytes, due to their lower immunogenicity, richer source and easier acquisition. Since the first case report in 2011, ASCs have demonstrated safety and efficacy for articular cartilage regeneration in several phase I/II clinical trials. However, different levels of abnormality were found in the regenerated cartilage for most of the patients. A large portion of recent publications investigated different optimization strategies to improve the therapeutic function of ASCs, including cell source selection, preconditioning and co-delivery. Herein, we give an update on the latest research progress on ASCs, with a focus on the most promising optimization strategies for ASC-based therapy.
Open Access
Beneficial effects of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) in injured skeletal muscle post-contusion
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Yu, Tianshui; Wang, Xu; Zhao, Rui; Zheng, Jilong; Li, Liqiang; Ma, Wenxiang; Zhang, Shutao Zhang; Guan, Dawei
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R) on the repair process of injured skeletal muscle, which could potentially lay solid foundations as a novel target for curing muscular fibrosis in future. A standardized rat model of skeletal muscle contusion was established, where rats were treated with the CB2R agonist JWH-133 or antagonist AM-630. The in vivo results revealed that CB2R activation with JWH-133 significantly diminished the fibrotic areas, downregulated the mRNA levels of collagen type I/ІІІ and augmented the number of multinucleated regenerating myofibers in the injured zones. The reasons leading to the aforementioned results were directly attributable to decreased mRNA levels of TGF-β1, FN-EIIIA and αSMA, reduced accumulation of myofibroblasts, and concomitantly increased mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1/2. However, we observed contrasting changes in rats treated with the CB2R antagonist AM-630. These results revealed multiple effects of CB2R in systematically inhibiting fibrotic formation and improving muscle regeneration, alongside its potential for clinical application in patients with skeletal muscle injuries and diseases.
Open Access
Del Estado colonial al Estado nacional: la Regeneración en la Colombia del siglo XIX y la cuestión de la colonialidad.
(Ateneo Cantonal de Estudios Políticos (ACEP), 2019) Calderón Harker, Sergio
El propósito de este ensayo es presentar un análisis crítico sobre el estado nación en América Latina a partir de las herramientas conceptuales enmarcadas en los llamados estudios pos/decoloniales. Para conllevar esta tarea, se llevarán a cabo dos pasos. Primero, se formulará una breve genealogía del concepto de la colonialidad del poder. En dialogo con Jacques Rancière, se mostrará cómo la colonialidad es un elemento constituyente y constitutivo del estado nación poscolonial en América Latina, al representar un reparto de lo sensible y la generación de una población excluida ‘sin parte’. Finalmente, se presentará el caso de la Regeneración en la Colombia del siglo XIX como una imagen histórica donde la colonialidad conllevó un reparto de lo sensible al actualizarse y transformarse para consolidar las herencias cognitivas del colonialismo.
Open Access
Desarrollo de la vegetación y periodicidad de incendios forestales
(Murcia: Universidad de Murcia, Servicio de Publicaciones, 1986) Samo Lumbreras, A.; Facultad de Biología
In the Spanish district of VaIencia an average of 15.000 Ha of vegetation are burned out every year. This actually accounts for ca. 4% of the provine's forest resources in spite of the very strong efforts being made in order to both prevent forest fires and lower in size the burned out areas. Under these circumstances, the questions which would normally be made as to the reasons for the no decrese in the affected areas are: Are there insuficient extinguishing means to be blamed for this problem? Are there more o less variable weather conditions prone to bnng about the fires? 1s it that the vegetation of the province (which in fact is the resource destroyed by fire) is exhibiting such a degree of flammability or burnability that renders the catastrophic fires unavoidable? The above are the reasons whch we are planning to look into and consider in detail in order to better understand bosh the forest fire evolution and the factors involved in such a natural element as fire, which in fact is shaping the vegetation of Mediterranean ecosystems.
Open Access
Differential expression of calretinin in the developing and regenerating zebrafish visual system
(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2004) García-Crespo, D.; Vecino, E.
Calretinin is a calcium-binding protein which participates in a variety of functions including calcium buffering and neuronal protection. It also serves as a developmental marker of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In order to study the role of calretinin in the development and regeneration of RGCs, we have studied its pattern of expression in the retina at different developmental stages, as well as during optic nerve regeneration by means of immunohistochemistry. During development, calretinin is found for the first time in RGCs when they connect with the optic tectum. Optic nerves from adult zebrafish were crushed and after different survival times, calretinin expression in the retina, optic nerve tract and optic tectum was studied. From the day of crushing to 10 days later, calretinin expression was found to be downregulated within RGCs and their axons, as was also observed during the early developmental stages of RGCs, when they are not committed to a definite cell phenotype. Moreover, 13 days after lesion, when the regenerating axons arrived at the optic tectum, a recovery of calretinin immunoreactivity within the RGCs was observed. These results indicate that calretinin may play an important role during optic nerve regeneration, Thus, the downregulation of Calretinin during the growth of the RGC axons towards the target during development as well as during their regeneration after injury, indicates that an increase the availability of cytosolic calcium is integral to axon outgrowth thus recapitulating the pattern observed during development.
Open Access
Effect of heparin and antivenom on skeletal muscle damage produced by Bothrops jararacussu venom
(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2002) Calil-Elias, S.; Martinez, A.M.B.; Melo, P.A.
We examined the effect of treatment with heparin and polyvalent antivenom on mice muscle Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) regeneration, after damage induced by injection of B o t h rops jara ra c u s s u crude venom over the muscle of the right posterior limb. The mice were separated into groups and each group received treatment, by intravenous route with either high molecular weight heparin (H), low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), polyvalent antivenom (PAV) or with the combination of PAV plus H or PAV plus LMWH at 15 minutes and 4 hours after the injection of the venom. Myotoxicity was measured by the increase in plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity at two hours after the injection of the venom. The histological changes in EDL at 1, 3, 7 and 21 days after the injection of the ve n o m were analyzed by light microscopy. In each group the normal and regenerated muscle fibers were quantifi e d using Scion Image computer program. We also evaluated in vitro, the influence of these substances in the proteolytic and phospholipase activities of the ve n o m . Heparins decreased the proteolytic activity of the venom but did not affect its phospholipase activity. However the PAV antagonized both activities. PAV and its combinations showed antimyotoxic activity, according to the magnitude of CK plasma levels. At 21 days the r egeneration was observed in all animals, also in those that received only the venom. All treatments, ex c e p t LMWH, promote a significant increase in the number of muscle fibers.
Open Access
Evolutionary trade-offs in kidney injury and repair
(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2017) Lei, Yutian; Anders, Hans Joachim
Evolutionary medicine has proven helpful to understand the origin of human disease, e.g. in identifying causal roles of recent environmental changes impacting on human physiology (environmentphenotype mismatch). In contrast, diseases affecting only a limited number of members of a species often originate from evolutionary trade-offs for usually physiologic adaptations assuring reproductive success in the context of extrinsic threats. For example, the G1 and G2 variants of the APOL1 gene supporting control of Trypanosoma infection come with the trade-off that they promote the progression of kidney disease. In this review we extend the concept of evolutionary nephrology by discussing how the physiologic adaptations (danger responses) to tissue injury create evolutionary trade-offs that drive histopathological changes underlying acute and chronic kidney diseases. The evolution of multicellular organisms positively selected a number of danger response programs for their overwhelming benefits in assuring survival such as clotting, inflammation, epithelial healing and mesenchymal healing, i.e. fibrosis and sclerosis. Upon kidney injury these danger programs often present as pathomechanisms driving persistent nephron loss and renal failure. We explore how classic kidney disease entities involve insufficient or overshooting activation of these danger response programs for which the underlying genetic basis remains largely to be defined. Dissecting the causative and hierarchical relationships between danger programs should help to identify molecular targets to control kidney injury and to improve disease outcomes.
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Extent and duration of recovered pupillary light reflex following retinal ganglion cell axon regeneration through peripheral nerve grafts directed to the pretectum in adult rats
(Elsevier, 1998-12) Whiteley, S. J. O.; Sauvé, Y.; Avilés Trigueros, Marcelino; Vidal Sanz, Manuel; Lund, R. D.; Oftalmología, Optometría, Otorrinolaringología y Anatomía Patológica
The functional reinnervation of the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) was studied in adult rats with peripheral nerve (PN) grafts bridging the interrupted retinopretectal pathway. Functional recovery was assessed quantitatively using established pupillometry techniques. The effect of intravitreal tuftsin fragment 1–3 (tuftsin 1–3) injections during the grafting procedure was also studied. A total of 53 adult rats received autologous PN grafts connecting the ocular stump of the transected optic nerve to the ipsilateral OPN. The contralateral eye was enucleated to remove the input from that eye to the OPN. A pupillary light reflex was elicited from 35 of the 53 PN-grafted animals and in the best cases, a response was obtained which compared closely to that recorded from control animals. Tuftsin 1–3 was found to increase the rate of recovery of the response. The response amplitude of PN-grafted rats was generally found to diminish with repeated stimulus presentation and also appeared to deteriorate with age. This was in contrast to control animals' responses. However, a PLR could still be elicited in 3 of the 6 animals studied 15 months after PN-grafting. These findings indicate that a near-normal PLR function can be restored using a peripheral nerve graft, but there are a number of factors that are likely to compromise optimal outcome.
Open Access
Metallic gold treatment reduces proliferation of inflammatory cells, increases expression of VEGF and FGF, and stimulates cell proliferation in the subventricular zone following experimental traumatic brain injury
(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2009) Østergaard Pedersen, Mie; Larsen, Agnete; Sonne Pedersen, Dan; Stoltenberg, Meredin; Penkowa, Milena
Traumatic brain injury represents a leading cause of morbidity in young individuals and there is an imperative need for neuroprotective treatments limiting the neurologic impairment following such injury. It has recently been demonstrated that bio-liberated gold ions liberated from small metallic gold implants reduce inflammation and neuronal apoptosis, while generating an increased neuronal stem cell response following focal brain damage. In this study mice were subjected to a unilateral traumatic cryo-lesion with concomitant injection of 25-45 μm gold particles near the lesion. Placebo-treated mice subjected to cryo-lesion served as controls. The effects of gold-treatment were investigated by examining gold-induced growth factor expression (VEGF and FGF) in the first two weeks after the insult, and the extent of the neurostimulatory effect of gold was explored by comparing cell proliferation in the subventricular zone as judged by immunohistochemical staining for CDC47. Vimentin staining revealed a decrease in activated microglia and a transient astrogliosis in response to the gold liberation. Moreover, gold ions significantly increase the expression of VEGF and FGF following trauma and a significant increase in cell proliferation in both the ipsilateral and the contralateral subventricular zone was found in response to gold-treatment. In conclusion: we confirmed the previously demonstrated anti-inflammatory effect of bioliberated gold ions, and further show that metallic gold increases growth factor expression and adult neurogenesis.
Open Access
Muscle regeneration induced by snake venom. A histological and histochemical study
(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1989) Peña, J.; Jimena, I.; Luque, E.; Martín, J.D.; Vaamonde, R.
This report describes the regeneration pattern of anterior tibial muscle of the rat after the inoculation of the snake venom of Bothrops jararacussu . The results show that this regeneration pattern is rather similar to the pattern described in other experimental models. Three days after the injection, three differentiated areas are established: a periferic one of surviving fibres, a second one called myogenic area, and the last one, more internal, made of necrotic fibres that are phagocited by macrophages. The surface of the surviving muscle fibres has myoblasts sticking to it and five days after, the myogenic area is occupied by many of them. Both the previous phagocytosis and the myoblasts came from the area of current uninjured fibres. After 30 and 60 days the regeneration is completed and there are only a few marks that show that the regeneration has taken place.
Open Access
Non-Incised papilla surgical approach and leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin in periodontal reconstruction of deep Intrabony defects: a case series
(MDPI, 2021-03-03) Pardo Zamora, Guillermo; Moreno Rodríguez, José Antonio; Ortiz Ruiz, Antonio José; Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física
We present the preliminary results of the treatment of teeth with a deep, non-contained periodontal residual defect, vestibular bone dehiscence, and soft tissue recession, by combining an apical non-incised papilla surgical approach (NIPSA) to the defect and leukocyte platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) in the vestibular aspect. Four patients (upper left first premolar, upper left central incisor, upper right central incisor and upper right lateral incisor) have been treated. At one year of follow up, all cases showed a considerable reduction in the periodontal pocket depth, a gain in clinical attachment and no bleeding on probing, as well as an improvement in the marginal soft tissue minimizing soft tissue contraction (recession and/or loss of papilla) and improving soft tissue architecture. NIPSA plus L-PRF seem to improve clinical outcomes in deep non-contained intrabony defects associated with soft tissue recession.
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Papilla preservation periodontal surgery in periodontal reconstruction for deep combined intra-suprabony defects. Retrospective analysis of a registry-based cohort
(Medicina Oral S.L., 2021-08-01) Moreno Rodríguez, José Antonio; Ortiz Ruiz, Antonio José; Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física
Background: Suprabony defects are the most prevalent defects and there is very little evidence on their treatment. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of papilla preservation periodontal surgery in the periodontal reconstruction of combined deep intra-suprabony defects. Material and Methods: 20 patients with combined intrabony and supra-alveolar deep periodontal defects treated by papilla preservation periodontal surgery were analyzed. Defects were treated with enamel matrix derivate plus xenograft. Clinical recordings made before surgery and at 12 months. Results: Papilla preservation periodontal surgery showed significant PPD reduction (4.4 ± 1.46 mm; p<0.001), clinical attachment gain (3.35 ± 1.6 mm; p<0.001), increased REC (1.05 ± 0.94; p<0.001), papilla apical displacement (0.85 ± 1.31 mm; p<0.005) and KT reduction (0.5 ± 0.76 mm; p<0.05). At one week, there was incomplete wound closure and necrosis in 40% and 30% of the treated sites, respectively. At one year, the intrabony component filling was 73.65 ± 27.6 % and the supra-alveolar attachment gain indicated an incomplete intrabony defect resolution (-0.15 ± 1.56 mm). Conclusions: Periodontal pocket was significantly reduced and the level of clinical attachment increased. However, there was significant recession of the gingival margin and the papilla and a trend to incomplete resolution of the intrabony component.
Open Access
Salivary gland bioengineering - yesterday, today, tomorrow!
(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2023) Iyer, Janaki; Pillai, Sangeeth; Munguia Lopez, Jose G.; Zhang, Yuli; Mielkozorova, Mariia; Tran, Simon D.
Salivary glands are specialized structures developed as an extensively compact, arborized design through classical embryogenesis, accompanied by a cascade of events channelized by numerous growth factors and genetic regulatory pathways. Salivary secretions maintain oral homeostasis and, when diminished in certain conditions, present as xerostomia or salivary hypofunction, adversely impacting the patient’s quality of life. The current available treatments primarily aim at tackling the immediate symptoms providing temporary relief to the patient. Despite scientific efforts to develop permanent and effective solutions to restore salivation, a significant permanent treatment is yet to be established. Tissue engineering has proven as a promising remedial tool in several diseases, as well as in xerostomia, and aims to restore partial loss of organ function. Recapitulating the physiological cellular microenvironment to in vitro culture conditions is constantly evolving. Replicating the dynamic multicellular interactions, genetic pathways, and cytomorphogenic forces, as displayed during salivary gland development have experienced considerable barriers. Through this review, we endeavour to provide an outlook on the evolution of in vitro salivary gland research, highlighting the key bioengineering advances and the challenges faced with the current therapeutic strategies for salivary hypofunction, with an insight into our team’s scientific contributions.
Open Access
Spatio-temporal expression patterns of microRNAs in remodelling and repair of the infarcted heart
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Chiarella-Redfern, H.H.; Rayner, K.J.; Suuronen, E.J.
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, nonmessenger RNAs, 20-22 nucleotides in size, which regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Typically, miRNAs target the 3’ untranslated region (3'UTR) of mRNA transcripts leading to mRNA degradation or translational repression. The known dysregulation of miRNAs during cardiac ischemia and the crucial role of miRNA-dependent regulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis and hypertrophy present interesting therapeutic opportunities for repairing and regenerating the heart after myocardial infarction (MI). An understanding of the expression pattern and localization of deleterious and beneficial miRNAs during cardiac ischemia is necessary for the development of therapeutics designed to specifically treat the affected tissue and cell populations. This review focuses on the role and localization of key miRNAs implicated in MI while highlighting how their manipulation may promote cardiac repair.
Open Access
Stimulation of regenerative blastema formation in lizards as a model to analyze limb regeneration in amniotes
(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2019) Alibardi, Lorenzo
The hypothesis here presented tries to explain why organ regeneration is present in fish and amphibians (anamniotes) but is absent in reptiles, birds and mammals (amniotes). Anamniotes possess complex life cycles including larvae and metamorphosis stages, the latter representing a physiological form of organ destruction and regeneration coded in their genome that can be reactivated in adults in the form of regeneration. Part of the genome for larvae and metamorphosis phases was likely lost in amniotes with the evolution of direct development, the potentiation of the immune system and the increase in complexity of the nervous system. These events consequently determined incapability for organ regeneration in extant amniotes with the exception of the lizard tail. This likely derives from the evolution of a mechanism of immunosuppression that allows the regeneration of the tail although the complete morphogenetic plane of tail embryogenesis is lost. The lizard model of imperfect but outstanding organ regeneration indicates the possibility to improve organ regeneration also in other amniotes. In fact, the induction of a blastema in the amputated lizard limb has stimulated the formation of short limbs containing cartilaginous bones of the femur, tibia and fibula, and these experiments foster some hope for future attempts to induce limb and digit regeneration also in mammals.
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Supra-alveolar attachment gain in the treatment of combined intra-suprabony periodontal defects by non-incised papillae surgical approach
(Wiley, 2019-07-22) Moreno Rodríguez, José Antonio; Ortiz Ruiz, Antonio José; Caffesse, Raúl G.; Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física
Aim: To assess the effectiveness of non-incised papillae surgical approach (NIPSA) in periodontal reconstructive surgery of combined intra-suprabony defects. Materials and Methods: Patients with deep periodontal defects treated with NIPSA (n = 20) were analysed. Defects were treated with enamel matrix derivative plus xenograft. Clinical outcomes were assessed before surgery and at 12 months. Wound closure was assessed one week post-surgery. Supra-alveolar attachment gain (SUPRA-AG) was recorded at 12 months post-surgery. Results: Non-incised papillae surgical approach showed significant improvements in clinical attachment gain (5.9 ± 2.38 mm; p < 0.001), recession reduction (0.25 ± 0.44; p < 0.05) and tip of the papillae coronal displacement (0.4 ± 0.5; p < 0.05). It also showed complete wound closure of the apical mucosal incision in the 85% of the cases, with no interproximal tissue necrosis. SUPRA-AG (1.9 ± 1.74) showed a positive tendency, associated with complete intrabony defect resolution. Conclusions: Non-incised papillae surgical approach promoted primary intention healing, wound stability and space provision for optimal periodontal reconstruction, preserving supra-alveolar soft tissue integrity.
Open Access
Teoría y práctica de los convenios de transición justa una decidida apuesta por la sostenibilidad ambiental.
(Colex, 2025) Rodríguez Escanciano, Susana; Prieto Padín, Patricia; Sin departamento asociado
Este trabajo examina cómo los Convenios de Transición Justa (CTJ) se han convertido en una herramienta clave dentro de la estrategia española para hacer frente al cambio climático, combinando sostenibilidad ambiental con justicia social. Se parte del compromiso con un modelo de desarrollo más respetuoso con el entorno, que a su vez impulse la creación de empleo verde y digno, especialmente en territorios y sectores vulnerables.A lo largo del análisis, se abordan las principales políticas públicas adoptadas en este contexto, prestando especial atención al diseño legal de los CTJ, su implementación práctica y los mecanismos de seguimiento que permiten evaluar su impacto. También se destacan los avances más relevantes logrados hasta ahora, sin dejar de lado los desafíos que aún persisten, como la desigualdad territorial, la lentitud en la ejecución o la necesidad de integrar sectores como el turismo que también enfrenta reformas estructurales y ambientales en el contexto de la transición ecológica.Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre el papel del empleo en el nuevo modelo energético, subrayando la importancia de garantizar que la transición ecológica sea también una oportunidad para mejorar la calidad del trabajo y reducir las brechas sociales.
Open Access
The onset and duration of mobilization affect the regeneration in the rat muscle
(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2008) Faria, F.E.T.; Ferrari, R.J.; Distefano, G.; Ducatti, A.C.; Montebelo, M.I.L.; Minamoto, V.B.; Soares, K.F.
The effects of different mobilization protocols for muscle regeneration after myotoxin injury was compared in the rat tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Adult Wistar rats were divided into control (C); mobilized (M); injury (I); injury + late mobilization (LM) and injury + early mobilization (EM) groups. Muscle injury was induced by intramuscular lidocaine injection. The exercised animals were mobilized for 5 and 8 days during 15 and 45 minutes/session. The swimming started 1 hour or 3 days after injury. All animals were killed 8 days after the injury, together with the control group, when the TA muscles were weighted and excised. Cross sections were obtained by cryostat and submitted to Toluidine Blue stain. Qualitative morphological characterization of muscle regeneration and quantitative analysis of muscle fiber and non-muscle fiber area density were performed. The I and late mobilization groups showed decreased muscle mass when compared to all other groups. All injured animals showed signs of muscle fiber damage, although signs of early regenerated muscle fibers were more evident in injury + mobilization groups. Only the EM groups submitted to 45 minutes of exercise had increased muscle fiber and decreased non-muscle fiber area density values when compared to I group (p<0.05). Conclusion: the regeneration process is related to the onset of exercise, since animals submitted to early mobilization showed improved regeneration when comparted to LM groups. Besides, the length of session is also important for accelerating the regeneration process, as it was observed that 45 minutes was better than 15 minutes duration.
Open Access
Use of nanoparticles in skeletal tissue regeneration and engineering
(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2020) Filippi, Miriam; Born, Gordian; Flesch, Delphine Felder; Scherberich, Arnaud
Bone and osteochondral defects represent one of the major causes of disabilities in the world. Derived from traumas and degenerative pathologies, these lesions cause severe pain, joint deformity, and loss of joint motion. The standard treatments in clinical practice present several limitations. By producing functional substitutes for damaged tissues, tissue engineering has emerged as an alternative in the treatment of defects in the skeletal system. Despite promising preliminary clinical outcomes, several limitations remain. Nanotechnologies could offer new solutions to overcome those limitations, generating materials more closely mimicking the structures present in naturally occurring systems. Nanostructures comparable in size to those appearing in natural bone and cartilage have thus become relevant in skeletal tissue engineering. In particular, nanoparticles allow for a unique combination of approaches (e.g. cell labelling, scaffold modification or drug and gene delivery) inside single integrated systems for optimized tissue regeneration. In the present review, the main types of nanoparticles and the current strategies for their application to skeletal tissue engineering are described. The collection of studies herein considered confirms that advanced nanomaterials will be determinant in the design of regenerative therapeutic protocols for skeletal lesions in the future.

Browsing by Subject "Regeneration"

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