Histology and histopathology Vol.30,nº11 (2015)
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- PublicationOpen AccessEx vivo and in vivo modulatory effects of umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly stem cells on human oral mucosa stroma substitutes(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Alfonso-Rodríguez, C.A.; González-Andrades, E.; Jaimes-Parra, B.D.; Fernández-Valadé, R. s; Campos, A.; Sánchez-Quevedo, M. C.; Alaminos, M.; Garzon, I.Novel oral mucosa substitutes have been developed in the laboratory using human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly stem cells -HWJSC- as an alternative cell source. In the present work, we have generated human oral mucosa substitutes with oral mucosa keratinocytes and HWJSC to determine the influence of these cell sources on stromal differentiation. First, acellular and cellular stroma substitutes and bilayered oral mucosa substitutes with an epithelial layer consisting of oral mucosa keratinocytes -OM samplesor HWJSC -hOM- were generated. Then, tissues were analyzed by light and electron microscopy, histochemistry and immunohistochemistry to quantify all major extracellular matrix components after 1, 2 and 3 weeks of ex vivo development, and OM and hOM were also analyzed after in vivo grafting. The results showed that bioengineered oral mucosa stromas displayed an adequate fibrillar mesh. Synthesis of abundant collagen fibers was detected in OM and hOM after 3 weeks, and in vivo grafting resulted in an increased collagen synthesis. No elastic or reticular fibers were found. Glycoprotein synthesis was found at the epithelialstromal layer when samples were grafted in vivo. Finally, proteoglycans, decorin, versican and aggrecan were strongly dependent on the in vivo environment and the presence of a well-structured epithelium on top. The use of HWJSC was associated to an increased synthesis of versican. These results confirm the usefulness of fibrinagarose biomaterials for the generation of an efficient human oral mucosa stroma substitute and the importance of the in vivo environment and the epithelialmesenchymal interaction for the adequate differentiation of the bioengineered stroma.
- PublicationOpen AccessHigh expression of PKM2 as a poor prognosis indicator is associated with radiation resistance in cervical cancer(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Zhao, Yajie; Shen, Liangfang; Chen, Xi; Qian, Yujie; Zhou, Qin; Wang, Ying; Li, Kai; Liu, Miaomiao; Zhang, Sai; Huang, XinqiongOur study aimed to investigate the association of Pyruvate Kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2) with radiation resistance in locally advanced cervical squamous cell carcinoma (LACSCC). We retros-pectively reviewed 132 female patients who received primary radiation therapy to treat LACSCC at Federation Internationale of Gynecologie and Obstetrigue（FIGO）stages IB-IVA. Forty-seven patients with progression free survival (PFS) of less than 36 months were regarded to have radiation resistance. Eighty-five patients with PFS no less than 36 months were regarded as radiation sensitive. Using immunohistochemistry, we found that the overexpression rate of PKM2 in radiation resistant and radiation sensitive patients was 87.2% and 57.6%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p＜0.001). The 5-year progress free survival rates in patients with low and high expression of PKM2 was 80.4% and 60.5%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.008). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that high expression of PKM2 is an independent negative prognostic factor in cervical cancer patients [Hazard ratio (95% CI), 2.888 (1.347, 6.194) p=0.006]. These results demonstrate that overexpression of PKM2 contributes to radiation resistance and acts a poor prognosis indicator in patients with LACSCC.
- PublicationOpen AccessA twist tale of cancer metastasis and tumor angiogenesis(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Tseng, Jen-Chieh; Chen, Hsiao-Fan; Wu, Kou-JueyTwist1 is an evolutionally conserved transcription factor. Originally identified in Drosophila as a key regulator for mesoderm development, it was later implicated in many human diseases, including Saethre-Chotzen syndrome and cancer. Twist1’s involvement in cancer has been well recognized. Driven by hypoxia-induced factor-1 (HIF-1), Twist1 has been considered as a proto-oncogene and its overexpression has been observed in a wide variety of human cancers. High expression level of Twist1 is closely related to tumor aggressiveness and metastatic potential. In cancer cells, Twist1 has been shown to function as a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a critical process for metastasis initiation. Twist1 has also been implicated in maintaining cancer stemness for selfrenewal and chemoresistance. This review first summarizes the roles of Twist1 in embryo development and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome followed by a discussion of Twist1’s critical functions in cancer. In particular, the review focuses on the recent discovery of Twist1’s capability to promote endothelial transdifferentiation of cancer cells beyond EMT.
- PublicationOpen AccessOvarian serous carcinogenesis from tubal secretory cells(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Zhang, Wenjing; Wei, Linxuan; Li, Lingmin; Yang, Binlie; Kong, Beihua; Yao, Guang; Zheng, WenxinDue to a poor understanding of tumorigenesis, ovarian cancers remain the most lethal gynecologic malignancy and cause horrific deaths. In the last decade, a new dualistic model for ovarian cancer was proposed, wherein ovarian serous cancers are classified as either high-grade or low-grade, with each having different tumorigenic processes, and pathologic and clinical features. Surprisingly, both high- and lowgrade ovarian serous cancers were recently found to originate not in the ovaries, but rather from the secretory cells of the fallopian tube, mostly from the tubal fimbriated ends. In this article, we review the evidentiary basis for the aforementioned paradigm shift in the cell origin of ovarian serous cancers, as well as its potential clinical implications
- PublicationOpen AccessLaser capture microdissection: Big data from small samples(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Datta, Soma; Malhotra, Lavina; Dickerson, Ryan; Chaffee, Scott; Sen, Chandan K.; Roy, SashwatiAny tissue is made up of a heterogeneous mix of spatially distributed cell types. In response to any (patho) physiological cue, responses of each cell type in any given tissue may be unique and cannot be homogenized across cell-types and spatial co-ordinates. For example, in response to myocardial infarction, on one hand myocytes and fibroblasts of the heart tissue respond differently. On the other hand, myocytes in the infarct core respond differently compared to those in the peri-infarct zone. Therefore, isolation of pure targeted cells is an important and essential step for the molecular analysis of cells involved in the progression of disease. Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is powerful to obtain a pure targeted cell subgroup, or even a single cell, quickly and precisely under the microscope, successfully tackling the problem of tissue heterogeneity in molecular analysis. This review presents an overview of LCM technology, the principles, advantages and limitations and its down-stream applications in the fields of proteomics, genomics and transcriptomics. With powerful technologies and appropriate applications, this technique provides unprecedented insights into cell biology from cells grown in their natural tissue habitat as opposed to those cultured in artificial petri dish conditions.
- PublicationOpen AccessEffect of boric acid supplementation of ostrich water on the expression of Foxn1 in thymus(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Xiao, Ke; Rahman Ansari, Abdur; ur Rehman, Zia; Khaliq, Haseeb; Song, Hui; Tang, Juan; Wang, Jing; Wang, Wei; Sun, Peng-Peng; Zhong, Juming; Peng, Ke-MeiFoxn1 is essential for thymus development. The relationship between boric acid and thymus development, optimal dose of boric acid in ostrich diets, and the effects of boric acid on the expression of Foxn1 were investigated in the present study. Thirty healthy ostriches were randomly divided into six groups: Group I, II, III, IV, V, VI, and supplemented with boric acid at the concentration of 0 mg/L, 40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 160 mg/L, 320 mg/L, 640 mg/L, respectively. The histological changes in thymus were observed by HE staining, and the expression of Foxn1 analyzed by immunohistochemistry and western blot. TUNEL method was used to label the apoptotic cells. Ostrich Foxn1 was sequenced by Race method. The results were as following: Apoptosis in ostrich thymus was closely related with boric acid concentrations. Low boric acid concentration inhibited apoptosis in thymus, but high boric acid concentration promoted apoptosis. Foxn1- positive cells were mainly distributed in thymic medulla and rarely in cortex. Foxn1 is closely related to thymus growth and development. The nucleotide sequence and the encoded protein of Foxn1 were 2736 bases and 654 amino acids in length. It is highly conserved as compared with other species. These results demonstrated that the appropriate boric acid supplementation in water would produce positive effects on the growth development of ostrich thymus by promoting Foxn1 expression, especially at 80mg/L, and the microstructure of the thymus of ostrich fed 80 mg/L boric acid was well developed. The supplementation of high dose boron (>320mg/L) damaged the microstructure of thymus and inhibited the immune function by inhibiting Foxn1 expression, particularly at 640mg/L. The optimal dose of boric acid supplementation in ostrich diets is 80 mg/L boric acid. The genomic full-length of African ostrich Foxn1 was cloned for the first time in the study.
- PublicationOpen AccessFlutamide alters β-catenin expression and distribution, and its interactions with E-cadherin in the porcine corpus luteum of mid- and late pregnancy(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Grzesiak, Malgorzata; Mitan, Agata; Janik, Marcelina E.; Knapczyk-Stwora, Katarzyna; Slomczynska, MariaThis study examined whether flutamideinduced androgen deficiency during mid- and late pregnancy in pigs affected luteal expression of adherens junction protein, β-catenin, and its interactions with Ecadherin. Flutamide (50 mg/kg body weight) was administered into pregnant gilts between days 43-49 (GD50F), 83-89 (GD90F) or 101-107 (GD108F) of gestation. Corpora lutea (CLs) were obtained on day 50, 90 or 108 of pregnancy (n=8-11 per each group). Total β-catenin and E-cadherin expression was examined at mRNA (real-time PCR) and protein (Western blot) level. Moreover, subcellular β-catenin fractions were extracted and immunoblotted. Immunohistochemistry was used for β-catenin localization. To determine whether flutamide disturbs β-catenin/E-cadherin mutual interactions, coimmunoprecipitation using anti-β-catenin antibody was performed. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Ecadherin was assessed. Flutamide exposure led to decreased β-catenin mRNA expression in all examined groups (p<0.001 or p<0.01), but protein level was lower only in the GD90F and GD108F groups (p<0.05). Ecadherin mRNA (p<0.05 or p<0.01) and protein (p<0.05) levels were up-regulated in all flutamidetreated groups when compared to controls. β-catenin was predominantly found in membranes of luteal cells with no significant changes after antiandrogen treatment. βcatenin/E-cadherin complexes were more abundant in the GD90F (p<0.05) and GD108F (p<0.01) groups than in controls due to enhanced E-cadherin phosphorylation at serine 838/840 in those animals (p<0.05). Overall, although androgen deficiency affected β-catenin expression in the CL of pregnancy in pigs, a compensatory mechanism by enhanced interactions with E-cadherin is possible. Thus, androgen signaling via androgen receptors appears to be crucial in the regulation of luteal cells cross-talk.
- PublicationOpen AccessCell viability evaluation of transdifferentiated endothelial-like cells by quantitative electron-probe X-ray microanalysis for tissue engineering(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Vico, Manuel; Rodríguez-Morata, Alejandro; Garzón, Ingrid; Campos, Fernando; Jaimes Parra, Boris; Pérez-Köhle, Barbara; Buján, Julia; Alaminos, Miguel; Sánchez-Quevedo, Mª CarmenDevelopment of an efficient vascular substitute by tissue engineering is strongly dependent on endothelial cell viability. The aim of this study was to evaluate cell viability of transdifferentiated endotheliallike cells (Tr-ELC) by using for the first time electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), not only to accurately analyze cell viability by quantifying the intracellular ionic concentrations, but also to establish their possible use in vascular tissue engineering protocols. Human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly stem cells (HWJSC) and endothelial cells from the human umbilical vein (HUVEC) were isolated and cultured. Transdifferentiation from HWJSC to the endothelial phenotype was induced. EPXMA was carried out to analyze HUVEC, HWJSC and Tr-ELC cells by using a scanning electron microscope equipped with an EDAX DX-4 microanalytical system and a solid-state backscattered electron detector. To determine total ion content, the peak-to-local-background (P/B) ratio method was used with reference to standards composed of dextran containing known amounts of inorganic salts. Our results revealed a high K/Na ratio in Tr-ELC (9.41), in association with the maintenance of the intracellular levels of chlorine, phosphorous and magnesium and an increase of calcium (p=0.031) and sulfur (p=0.022) as compared to HWJSC. Calcium levels were similar for HUVEC and Tr-ELC. These results ensure that transdifferentiated cells are highly viable and resemble the phenotypic and microanalytical profile of endothelial cells. Tr-ELC induced from HWJSC may fulfill the requirements for use in tissue engineering protocols applied to the vascular system at the viability and microanalytical levels.
- PublicationOpen AccessExpression of myostatin in early postnatal mouse masseter and rectus femoris muscles(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Takada, Hiroshi; Miwa, Yoko; Sato, IwaoAims: Myostatin (Mstn) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family that inhibits muscle differentiation. In this study, we aimed to identify the relationships between Mstn, thyroid hormone receptor alpha (TRα), and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression during early postnatal development. Methods: We investigated the expression of Mstn, TRα, and MyHCs (embryonic, slow, IIa, IIb, and IIx) using quantitative real-time RT-PCR and ELISA (Mstn) in postnatal mouse muscles between day 0 and day 10. We also examined the correlations between Mstn, TR and MyHCs during the early development of mouse masseter muscle (MM) and rectus femoris muscle (RFM). Results: Distinct Mstn mRNA expression patterns were observed in the two muscles despite nearly non-significant changes in the Mstn protein abundance in MM. The expression pattern of the TRα mRNA in the MM differed from that observed in the RFM. The expression of MyHC IIa, IIb and IIx mRNAs increased in the MM and decreased in the RFM from day 0 to day 10, whereas embryonic fiber MyHC mRNA expression was similar in both muscle types. Principal component analysis showed the existence of a correlation between: (1) TRα and MyHC, (2) Mstn and MyHC, and (3) TRα and Mstn in MM. The correlations were different in RFM and MM. Cluster analyses identified the distinct clusters: cluster 1, days 0-4 for the MM and day 0 for the RFM;cluster 2, day 6 for the MM and day 2 for the RFM; and cluster 3, days 8-10 for the MM and days 4-10 for the RFM. Conclusions: These data suggest that TRα influences MyHC expression in both muscle types. In addition, Mstn has a limited effect in the MM related to the expression of individual MyHCs, as opposed to its role in the RFM, at early postnatal developmental stages. TRα could be involved in regulating both the temporal expression of MyHCs and Mstn at the early postnatal stages in the MM and RFM.
- PublicationOpen AccessDistribution of glutamate receptors in the posterodorsal medial amygdala of adult male rats(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Dalpian, Francine; Brusco, Janaína; Calcagnotto, Maria Elisa; Moreira, Jorge E.; Rasia-Filho, Alberto A.The rat posterodorsal medial amygdala (MePD) has a remarkable neuronal plasticity and responds to olfactory/pheromonal stimuli to modulate emotional and reproductive behaviors. Glutamate is locally released by incoming sensorial pathways to establish and enforce synaptic inputs. Here, we combined DiI dye and immunolabeling procedure under confocal microscopy to describe the presence and distribution of glutamate receptors on neurons of the MePD of adult male rats. Western blot analysis interrogated binding specificity. Both AMPA (GluA1-4 subunits) and NMDA (GluN1 subunit) receptors were immunolabeled on cell bodies and along proximal and distal dendritic shafts. AMPA receptors were mainly observed on mushroom and stubby/wide spines, whereas NMDA receptors were found on thin spines. Colocalization of AMPA and NMDA receptors occurred in some spines. Filopodium did not show immunolabeled puncta on it. Our results are different from the distribution of glutamate receptors in the amygdaloid lateral nucleus, an upstream area involved with emotional processing, and suggest a region-specific excitatory transmission at proximal and distal dendritic branches. Altogether, these data provide new information for synaptic processing in the MePD likely related to the modulation of social behavior in rats.
- PublicationOpen AccessMDM2 beyond cancer: podoptosis, development, inflammation, and tissue regeneration(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2015) Ebrahim, Martrez; Mulay, Shrikant R.; Anders, Hans-Joachim; Thomasova, DanaMurine double minute (MDM)-2 is an intracellular molecule with diverse biological functions. It was first described to limit p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, hence, gain of function mutations are associated with malignancies. This generated a rationale for MDM2 being a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. Meanwhile, several additional functions and pathogenic roles of MDM2 have been identified that either enforce therapeutic MDM2 blockade or raise caution about potential side effects. MDM2 is also required for organ development and tissue homeostasis because unopposed p53 activation leads to p53-overactivation-dependent cell death, referred to as podoptosis. Podoptosis is caspaseindependent and, therefore, different from apoptosis. The mitogenic role of MDM2 is also needed for wound healing upon tissue injury, while MDM2 inhibition impairs re-epithelialization upon epithelial damage. In addition, MDM2 has p53-independent transcription factor-like effects in nuclear factor-kappa beta (NFκB) activation. Therefore, MDM2 promotes tissue inflammation and MDM2 inhibition has potent antiinflammatory effects in tissue injury. Here we review the biology of MDM2 in the context of tissue development, homeostasis, and injury and discuss how the divergent roles of MDM2 could be used for certain therapeutic purposes. MDM2 blockade had mostly antiinflammatory and anti-mitotic effects that can be of additive therapeutic efficacy in inflammatory and hyperproliferative disorders such as certain cancers or lymphoproliferative autoimmunity, such as systemic lupus erythematosus or crescentic glomerulonephritis.