Histology and histopathology Vol.29, nº 5 (2014)

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Open Access
Infection through structured polymicrobial Gardnerella biofilms (StPM-GB)
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Swidsinsk, Alexander; Loening-Baucke, Vera; Mendling, Werner; Dörffel, Yvonne; Schilling, Johannes Schilling; Halwani, Zaher; Jiang, Xue-feng; Verstraelen, Hans; Swidsinski, Sonja
BACKGROUND: We analysed data on bacterial vaginosis (BV) contradicting the paradigm of mono-infection. METHODOLOGY: Tissues and epithelial cells of vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and perianal region were investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in women with BV and controls. RESULTS: Healthy vagina was free of biofilms. Prolific structured polymicrobial (StPM) Gardnerella-dominated biofilm characterised BV. The intact StPM-Gardnerellabiofilm enveloped desquamated vaginal/prepuce epithelial cells and was secreted with urine and sperma. The disease involved both genders and occurred in pairs. Children born to women with BV were negative. Monotherapy with metronidazole, moxifloxacin or local antiseptics suppressed but often did not eradicate StPMGardnerella-biofilms. There was no BV without Gardnerella, but Gardnerella was not BV. Outside of StPM-biofilm, Gardnerella was also found in a subset of children and healthy adults, but was dispersed, temporal and did not transform into StPM-Gardnerella-biofilm. CONCLUSIONS: StPM-Gardnerella-biofilm is an infectious subject. The assembly of single players to StPM-Gardnerella-biofilm is a not trivial every day process, but probably an evolutionary event with a long history of growth, propagation and selection for viability and ability to reshape the environment. The evolutionary memory is cemented in the structural differentiation of StPM-Gardnerella-biofilms and imparts them to resist previous and emerging challenge
Open Access
Morphological and immunohistochemical evaluation of ganglion cysts. Cross-sectional study of 354 cases
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) O’Valle, Francisco; Hernández-Cortés, Pedro; Aneiros Fernández, José; Caba Molina, Mercedes; Gómez-Morales, Mercedes; Cámara, Miguel; Payá, Jorge A.; Aguilar, David; Del Moral, Raimundo G.; Aneiros, Jose
The aim of this study was to characterize the morphology and immunophenotype of ganglion cysts (GCs) and explore their histogenetic origin. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional morphological and immunohistochemical study of 354 GCs used the following antibody panel: vimentin, specific actin, ß- actin, smooth-muscle actin, smoothelin, h-caldesmon, ß- catenin, desmin, calponin, podoplanin, keratins 5/6, Ecadherin, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), lysozyme, CD10, CD31, CD33, CD34, CD68, Ki-67, and PCNA. Doubleblind semi-quantitative analyses were conducted to evaluate the immunopositivity on a 4-point scale. Samples from 10 synovial membranes and 10 scapholunate ligaments were compared. GCs showed a hyalinized wall with mesenchymal spindle cells and were intensely positive for vimentin, actins, h-caldesmon, calponin in all cases and for podoplanin in 53% of cases, suggesting features of early muscle differentiation, without ruling out a myofibroblastic origin. Focal cavity lining of nonsynovial flat or raised cells (CD34/CD31/CD10/Ecadherin-negative and podoplanin-positive in 34% of cases) was detected in 93% of cases, showing differential expression with synovial membrane and scapholunate ligament cells. Nuclear positivity for proliferative markers was observed in GC wall cells (258.1±255; 1019.3±316 positive cells/mm2, Ki-67 and PCNA, respectively) but positivity for these markers was significantly lower (p<0.001 Mann Whitney U-test) in scapholunate ligament samples. Conclusion: In this first immunohistochemical study of GCs, focal cellular lining of the cavity was observed in almost all cases, and the immunophenotype was identical to that of GC wall cells. These cells are immunohistochemically different from synoviocytes and scapholunate ligament cells and show characteristics of myofibroblasts or mesenchymal cells undergoing early muscle differentiation.
Open Access
Tubulointerstitial nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus: innocent bystander or ominous presage
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Dhingra, Sadhna; Qureshi, Raza; Abdellatif, Abdul; Gaber, Lillian W.; Truong, Luan D.
SLE-associated tubulointerstitial injury (SLE TIN) is increasingly recognized in two forms, i.e., secondary and primary. The secondary form coexists with lupus glomerulonephritis, whereas the primary form develops against the background of no or mild glomerular or vascular involvement. Secondary SLE TIN is frequent, but its frequency and severity correlate with the class of the associated lupus glomerulonephritis (GN), being almost universal in Class IV lupus GN and less frequent in GN of other classes. Although the presence of underlying GN may mask its clinical manifestation, secondary SLE TIN has a major prognostic implication for the renal outcome. Yet, SLE TIN is not factored in the current therapyfocused International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society schema of renal lupus classification, and its management remains to be elucidated. The pathogenesis of secondary SLE TIN is either immunologic, i.e., the tubulointerstitial injury being mediated by SLE-related immunologic mechanisms akin to those responsible for lupus GN; or non-immunologic, i.e., a nonspecific tubulointerstitial injury secondary to any type of advanced glomerular lesion, regardless of etiology. Primary SLE TIN is rare with about 15 reported cases. It has a rather uniform and distinctive clinical manifestation including acute kidney injury with no or mild proteinuria. It responds well to steroid and usually carries a good prognosis. Its pathogenesis is almost certain immunologic, with immunoglobulin/complement deposits along the tubular basement membrane in each reported case. In spite of these profound clinical implications, the current review underlies a limited knowledge on the pathobiology of SLE TIN.
Open Access
Redox dependence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ signaling
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Raturi, Arun; Ortiz-Sandoval, Carolina; Simmen, Thomas
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a multifunctional organelle that accommodates a large array of functions. Recent publications have shown that many of these functions are influenced by the ongoing oxidative folding of secretory and membrane proteins. Conversely, successful ER protein folding critically depends on the cellular redox state, but also the availability of Ca2+. These findings suggest the existence of regulatory mechanisms that steer ER Ca2+ homeostasis according to the cellular redox state. Indeed, accumulating evidence demonstrates that ER Ca2+ uptake and release by sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport ATPases (SERCAs), stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), Orai1, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptors (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors (RyR) depends on redox modifications of these channels and pumps. In addition, ER chaperones and oxidoreductases moonlight as regulators of ER Ca2+ channels and pumps. Discrete redox conditions of channels, pumps and oxidoreductases exist that allow for opening and closing. Through these functions, redox regulation of ER Ca2+ influences signaling mechanisms governing cell growth and migration, apoptosis and mitochondrial energy production. Therefore, pharmacological intervention based on ER redox or on ER redox-sensitive chaperones and oxidoreductases is a promising strategy to influence all metabolic syndromes including cancer and neurodegeneration.
Open Access
Grow2: The HIF system, energy homeostasis and the cell cycle
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Moniz, Sónia; Biddlestone, John; Rocha, Sónia
Cell cycle progression is an energy demanding process and requires fine-tuned metabolic regulation. Cells must overcome an energy restriction checkpoint before becoming committed to progress through the cell cycle. Aerobic organisms need oxygen for the metabolic conversion of nutrients into energy. As such, environmental oxygen is a critical signalling molecule regulating cell fate. The Hypoxia Inducible Factors (HIFs) are a family of transcription factors that respond to changes in environmental oxygen and cell energy and coordinate a transcriptional program which forms an important part of the cellular response to a hostile environment. A significant proportion of HIFdependent transcriptional target genes, code for proteins that are involved in energy homeostasis. In this review we discuss the role of the HIF system in the regulation of energy homeostasis in response to changes in environmental oxygen and the impact on cell cycle control, and address the implications of the deregulation of this effect in cancer.
Open Access
Induction of high temperature requirement A1, a serine protease, by TGF-beta1 in articular chondrocytes of mouse models of OA
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Xu, Lin; Golshirazian, Imanoel; Asbury, Brian J.; Li, Yefu
The goal of this study is to determine whether transforming growth factor beta 1 (Tgf-ß1) induces the high temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) in articular chondrocytes of two mouse models of osteoarthritis (OA). Early onset articular cartilage degeneration in the mouse models was characterized by histology. Expression profiles of Tgf-ß1, p-Smad1, pSmad2/3 and HtrA1 in knee joints of the mouse models were examined by immunofluorescene. By in vitro and ex vivo experiments, human primary chondrocytes and articular cartilages from femoral condyles of mice were treated with recombinant human TGF-ß1 and an ALK5 chemical inhibitor, SB431542. The level of HTRA1 mRNA in human and mouse articular chondrocytes was examined by real-time PCR. Chondrocyte clusters were present in the articular cartilage of knee joints in the mouse models. Increased expressions of Tgf-ß1, pSmad2/3 and HtrA1 were detected in the articular chondrocyte of knee joints in the mouse models. The increased expressions of p-Smad2/3 and HtrA1 were colocalized in the articular chondrocyte of the knee joints. The expression of p-Smad1 was hardly detectable in the mouse models and their corresponding wild-type littermates. The level of HTRA1 mRNA was increased in human and mouse articular chondrocytes treated with TGF-ß1, compared with that in chondrocytes without the treatment of TGF-ß1. The TGF-ß1-induced expression of HTRA1 in human and mouse articular chondrocytes was inhibited by SB431542. These results suggest that the Tgf-ß1 canonical signaling was activated to induce HtrA1 in the articular chondrocytes of the mouse models of OA.
Open Access
Immunohistochemical evaluation of EGFR expression in lip squamous cell carcinoma. Correlation with clinicopathological characteristics
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Carballeira, Alexo; Ginarte, Manuel; Diniz-Freitas, Marcio; Fernández-Campos, Inés; Gude, Francisco; Fraga, Maximo; Antúnez, José Ramón; García-Caballero, Tomás
Background: The majority of lip cancer is the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) type that exhibits clinical and biological characteristics intermediate between skin and oral SCC. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression on prognosis of lip squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and to relate it with clinicopathological features. The role of EGFR expression as a possible therapeutic target was also discussed. Methods: A series of 55 patients with LSCC was analyzed. EGFR expression was determined by standardized immunohistochemistry (pharmDx assay) and evaluated by both manual and automated image analysis (ACIS III). The Kappa statistic test was used to evaluate the concordance of manual and automated scores. EGFR results were correlated with clinicopathologic characteristics. Statistical differences between proportions were determined by the chi-squared test (with linear-by-linear correction where appropriate). The Mann-Whitney and the Kruskal-Wallis test were employed for comparison of continuous variables. Results: Correlation between manual and automated score was obtained in 50/55 cases (90.9%). EGFR expression was absent or weak in 14 cases (25.5%); borderline (2+) in 20 cases (36.4%) and positive (3+) in 21 cases (38.2%). Significant relationships were found between EGFR expression and tumour ulceration (p=0.022) and tumour thickness (p=0,002) and width (p=0.021). Conclusions: Our results revealed EGFR high expression in LSCC and its relationship with bad prognosis criteria (tumour size and ulceration).
Open Access
Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-label-retaining cells in mouse terminal bronchioles
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Kameyama, Hiroki; Kudoh, Shinji; Udaka, Naoko; Kagayama, Motoko; Hassan, Wael; Hasegawa, Kohki; Niimori-Kita, Kanako Niimori-Kita; Ito, Takaaki
Adult male mice were continuously treated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 1, 2, or 4 weeks by an osmotic pump. To detect BrdU-label-retaining cells (LRCs), putative progenitor/stem cells, other animals were continuously treated with BrdU for 2 weeks, and were then kept without any treatments for 2, 6, or 18 months. The lungs were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde, and were paraffin-embedded. We observed terminal bronchioles with BrdU immunostaining alone or with BrdU immunostaining accompanying immunostaining for Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP), forkhead box protein J1 (FoxJ1), or calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). The average incidences of BrdU-incorporated cells in the terminal bronchioles after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of continuous BrdU infusion were 6.2%, 11.9%, and 23.1%, respectively. Most BrdU-incorporated cells in these periods were CCSP-immunoreactive (91.7%, 91.3%, and 88.2%, respectively), which means progenitor function of Clara cells. FoxJ1-immunoreactive BrdU-incorporated cells were fewer (5.4%, 3.0%, 2.7%, respectively). The average incidences of BrdU-LRCs in the terminal bronchioles after 2, 6, and 18 months were 7.2%, 4.3, and 2.7%, respectively. Most BrdU-LRCs were CCSP-immunoreactive (91.0%, 92.7%, and 89.6%, respectively), and FoxJ1- immunoreactive BrdU-LRCs were fewer (6.0%, 5.7%, and 2.1%, respectively). CGRP-positive BrdUincorporated cells were occasional. CGRP-positive BrdU-LRCs were detected in 17.6% of neuroepithelial bodies (NEBs) at 2 months, but disappeared at 6 months. BrdU-positive stem cell candidates, which locate at the brochiolo-alveolar duct junction or cover NEB, were few throughout this study. In conclusion, in the lungs treated only with BrdU, CCSP-immunoreactive cells are important to maintain homeostasis in the terminal bronchiolar epithelium.
Open Access
Changes of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II expression in dorsal root ganglia during maturation in long-term diabetes
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Ferhatovic, Lejla; Jelicic Kadic, Antonia; Boric, Matija; Puljak, Livia
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is considered one of the key intracellular signaling proteins for development of neuropathy. We analyzed the expression of total CaMKII (tCaMKII) and its alpha, beta, gamma and delta isoforms in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in a rat model of Diabetes mellitus type I (DM1), 6 months and 1 year after diabetes induction. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin and confirmed by measuring glucose levels and weight increase. Immunohistochemistry was performed for detection of tCaMKII and its isoforms in L4 and L5 DRGs. A significant decrease of CaMKII alpha and beta isoforms was noted 6 months after diabetes induction, while CaMKII gamma and delta were significantly decreased after 12 months in diabetic rats compared to controls. Analysis of neuronal subgroups based on the neuronal diameter revealed that the expression of alpha, beta and delta isoforms decreased only in small-diameter neurons. In conclusion, a significant decrease of specific CaMKII isoforms in small-diameter DRG neurons may suggest involvement of CaMKII alpha, beta and delta in the development of complex events responsible for the development of neuropathy in long-term diabetes during maturation. CaMKII is a part of the neuronal pathway that regulates the firing properties of excitable cells, especially neurons, and decreased CaMKII activity may be responsible for generation of aberrant signals, hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain.
Open Access
Immunohistochemical expression of RECK protein in placental membranes of the preterm delivery with and without chorioamnionitis
(2014) Benzon, Zdeslav; Kuzmiç Prusac, Ivana; Zekic, Sandra; Vulic, Marko Vulic
Objective: To compare the immunohistochemical expression of RECK protein in placental membranes of late preterm delivery in women with and without histologically proven chorioamnionitis. Study design: Fetal membranes were collected from women who had late preterm delivery with (n=8) and without (n=9) histologic chorioamnionitis. Immunohistochemistry for RECK protein was performed on formalin fixed and paraffin-embedded sections. The two groups were matched for age, body mass index and parity. SPSS Version 13.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results: There was weaker immunohistochemical expression of RECK protein in placental membranes of women with histologic chorioamnionitis compared to control subjects (P=0.0498). Conclusions: Chorioamnionitis has an impact on immunohistochemical expression of RECK protein in placental membranes in late preterm delivery
Open Access
Busulfan administration produces sublethal effects on somatic tissues and inhibits gametogenesis in Senegalese sole juveniles
(2014) Pacchiarin, T.; Olague, E.; Sarasquete, C.; Cabrita, E.
Busulfan, a cytotoxic alkylating agent used for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia has effects in mammalian germ cells. In fish species, the use of this compound is of special interest in intra and interspecies germ cell transplants. To determine the effects of busulfan in fish a previous range finding experiment was designed. Survival and growth rate of 150-days after hatching (150DAH) Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles was determined. In a second experiment, the effects of a sublethal busulfan dose in fish germ cell depletion and in somatic tissues were analysed. Sublethal effects of several busulfan treatments (B10-10 days after injection, B20-20 days after injection, B20+-20 days after injection with double injection) were determined in somatic and gonadal tissues. Alterations were registered through histopathological techniques, TUNEL (cell apoptosis) and quantified at molecular level (Q-PCR analyses) using the vasa mRNAs (Ssvasa1-2 and Ssvasa3-4 mRNAs) as molecular markers for germinal cells in Senegalese sole juveniles. Several sublethal effects were observed with 40 mg kg-1 busulfan, a non-lethal dose, such as: pyknosis in liver, increase of melanomacrophage centres and blood stagnation in spleen and interruption of gonadal development. Females were more affected by busulfan treatments than males in terms of germ cell disruption, since a significant decrease in the expression of both Ssvasa1-2 and Ssvasa3-4 markers was found in the gonad of treated females rather than males. At 10 days post-treatment (B10), females already presented a decrease in germ cell proliferation, as confirmed by Q-PCR. Ssvasa expression proved to be a reliable tool for the direct evaluation of the effects of busulfan on Senegalese sole gonadal development, proving that busulfan can be a suitable treatment for causing transient sterility in recipient gonads for germ cell transplantation.
Open Access
Immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of two protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors, R and Z1, in colorectal carcinoma, colon adenoma and normal colon tissues
(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia: Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2014) Woźniak, Marta; Gamian, Elżbieta; Łaczmańska, Izabela; Sąsiadek, Maria M.; Duś-Szachniewicz, Kamila; Ziółkowski, Piotr
Two classes of proteins, namely tyrosine kinases (PTK) and phosphatases (PTP), play an important role in cell proliferation and differentiation, thus leading to an acceleration or inhibition of tumour growth. The role of the above proteins in colorectal carcinoma (CRC) growth is a well-known event. In this study we carried out immunohistochemical and Western blot analysis of colorectal carcinoma, adenoma and normal colon tissue in relation to two protein tyrosine phosphatase receptors, R and Z1. Twenty-five cases of CRC were analyzed and the results were compared with similar data obtained in non-malignant tissues. High expression of both PTP receptors was observed in all examined cases of CRC, adenoma and normal colon tissue in this study. These results are not in line with recently published data, showing that genetic coding for PTPRR and PTPRZ1 were hypermethylated in CRC’s. We presume that the protein tyrosine phosphatase overexpression in colorectal carcinoma is not enough to protect from the progression of disease.

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