Histology and histopathology Vol.12, nº 4 (1997)
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- PublicationOpen AccessTranscription factors in brain injury(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1997) Pennypacker, K.After brain injury, neuronal genes are regulated to adjust to an altered environment; however, if neurons are damaged then genes related apoptosis are activated. Glial cells, astrocytes and microglia, respond to neuronal death by transcribing genes to enhance the survival of remaining neurons and for regeneration and repair. AP-1 transcription factors are induced in the neuronal response to injury. Depending on the AP-1 dimer combination, neuronal genes related to either apoptosis or survival are transcribed. A 35 kDa Fosrelated antigen:JunD dimer is present in neurons that survive injury. Jun and JunD exists in neurons prior to undergoing apoptosis. Neuronal death activates gene expression in astrocytes and microglia. NFkB transcription factors are induced in astrocytes reacting to neuronal injury. In the microglial response, STATs appear to be activated to regulate gene transcription. These transcription factors that modulate the genes involved in the cellular processes of brain injury are examined in this review.
- PublicationOpen AccessProliferation indices and p53-immunocytochemistry in uterine mixed mullerian tumors(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1997) Nicòtina, P.A.; Ferlazzo, G.; Vincelli, A.M.Mixed mullerian tumor (MMT) is a biphasic malignancy of elderly women. It, including both a carcinomatous and a sarcomatous component (CC and SC), is regarded as a female genital tract carcinosarcoma (FGTCS). Since current methods to grade CC and SC are not still univocal, the authors estimate mitotic index (MI) and MIB 1-immunolabeling index (MIB 1-LI) as common prognostic indices for the MMT components. They also compare above prognostic indices with p-53 immunocytochernistry, in MMTs. The present study thus points out that: (a) MI of CC and SC areas is consistent with the respective conventional tumor grades; (b) MI averages of CC are higher than those observed in the SC areas; (c) MI and MIB 1-LI of the CC-tumor cells correlate reciprocally in a very significant fashion; (d) A diffuse strong p53 nuclear immunostaining (SO% cells) is often patent where the highest MI and MIB 1-LI are found. In conclusion, the authors propose MI and MIB 1-LI as two complementary useful indices to assess prognosis of MMTs. They also suggest p53 nuclear immunolabeling should be regarded as an independent biomarker of unfavourable MMT behaviour.
- PublicationOpen AccessPresence and distribution of 5HT-, VIP-, NPY-, and SP-immunoreactive structures in adult mouse lung(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1997) Verastegui, C.; Fernandez-Vivero, J.; Prada, A.; Rodríguez, F.; Romero, A.A large number of biologically active substances have been identified and characterised in the respiratory tract of severa1 mammals. These substances (amines and peptides) exert important regulatory influences on respiratory functions, and they act as neurotransmitters/neuromodulators, both being released from nerve terminals as neuroendocrine cells. However, these substances can also have other effects which suggest a paracrine action. Thus, to understand the role of amines and peptides in the lung, it is important to explore their localisation in different species. By using immunocytochemical staining methods we have studied the morphology and distribution of serotonin-, Substance P-, neuropeptide Y- and VIP-like immunoreactivity in the adult mouse lung. Moreover a pretreatment with colchicine, pargyline and 5-hydroxytryptophan as staining enlargement method was made. A widespread distribution of isolated endocrine cells and neuroepithelial bodies containing 5HT-like immunoreactivity was recorded within the lung. NPY-like immunoreactive nerve fibres were localised in the airway smooth muscle and surrounding the blood vessels. VIP-like immunoreactivity was revealed in single cells as well as in some nerve fibres and ganglia around the blood vessels and in the bronchial smooth muscle. SP-like IR was observed in nerve fibres located in the smooth muscle of the airways, surrounding bronchi and bronchioli but not next to the intrapulmonary blood vessels. Their localisation both in cells and nerve fibres of the respiratory system suggests that they play a role in the regulatory function of the mouse respiratory tract, exerting their influence by endocrine, paracrine, neurosecretory pathways or a combination of al1 of these.
- PublicationOpen AccessAcidic glycosaminoglycans and laminin-1 in(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1997) Center, Elizabeth M.; Emery, K.E.Deposition of glycosaminoglycans and laminin-1 in the renal corpuscles of the kidneys of mylencephalic blebs, 'blebs', (my) and normal C57BLl 65 mice was compared in embryonic, neonatal (newbom to approximately two days old) and adult animals. Utilization of Alcian Blue 8GX staining, at a pH of 2.5, revealed an increase in acidic glycosaminoglycans in the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and in general, an increase in the mesangial matrix of the glomerulus of my mutant adults. An increase in glycosaminoglycans was also noted in the developing kidney in certain my embryos in tissues associated with the glomeruli, but no significant differences were observed between the kidneys of neonatai my and control mice. The laminin-1 procedure revealed more deposition of laminin in the basement membrane of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule in the neonatal and adult mutant my mice. Altered deposition of basement membrane and extracellular matrix components may reflect changes in the pattern of development and in the functioning of the kidney. Morphological changes in the human kidney are associated with alteration of function; a similar association may be occurring in the mice homozygous for the my gene.
- PublicationOpen AccessThe effect of somatostatin analog octreotide on diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactin secretion, cell proliferation and vascular changes in the rat anterior pituitary gland(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1997) Pawlikowski, M.; Kunert-Radek, J.; Grochal, M.; Zielinski, K.; Kulig, AndrzejThe effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) and of long-acting somatostatin analog, octreotide (SMS) on the rat anterior pituitary microvasculature have been studied by means of computer-assisted image analysis. Additionally, the effects of DES and SMS on prolactin secretion and anterior pituitary cell proliferation have been studied, as well. The vascularization was visualized using Selye's method modified by Poely et al. (1964). The prolactin serum levels were estimated by radioimmunoassay. The proliferation indices were assessed using bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. As expected, it was found that DES sharply increased serum prolactin levels and enhanced cell proliferation in the anterior pituitary gland. DES also induced changes in parameters of vascularization. Simultaneous treatment of rats with SMS inhibited the DES-induced elevation of prolactin levels and pituitary cell proliferation. It also suppressed some but not al1 DES-induced changes in the anterior pituitary vascularization. These data suggest that the angio-inhibitory activity of SMS might be involved in its anti-tumor action on pituitary adenomas, but not as a sole or principal mechanism.