Histology and histopathology Vol.35,nº12 (2020)
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- PublicationOpen AccessNo rapid and demarcating astroglial reaction to stab wounds in Agama and Gecko lizards and the caiman Paleosuchus - it is confined to birds and mammals(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2020) Lőrincz, Dávid; Kálmán, Mihályy. The present study proves that the rapid and demarcating astroglial reactions are confined to birds and mammals. To understand the function of post-lesion astroglial reaction, the phylogenetical aspects are also to be investigated. Considering the regenerative capabilities, reptiles represent an intermediate position between the brain regeneration-permissive fishes and amphibians and the almost non-permissive birds and mammals. Damage is followed by a rapid astroglial reaction in the mammalian and avian brain, which is held as an impediment of regeneration. In other vertebrates the reactions were usually observed following long survival periods together with signs of regeneration, therefore they can be regarded as concomitant phenomena of regeneration. The present study applies short post-lesion periods comparable to those seen in mammals and birds for astroglial reactions. Two species of lizards were used: gecko (leopard gecko, Eublepharis macularius, Blyth, 1854) and agama (bearded dragon, Pogona vitticeps, Ahl, 1926). The gecko brain is rich in GFAP whereas the agama brain is quite poor in this. Crocodilia, the closest extant relatives of birds were represented in this study by Cuvier's dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus, Cuvier, 1807). The post-lesion astroglial reactions of crocodilians have never been investigated. The injuries were stab wounds in the telencephalon. The survival periods lasted 3, 7, 10 or 14 days. Immunoperoxidase reactions were performed applying anti-GFAP, anti-vimentin and anti-nestin reagents. No rapid and demarcating astroglial reaction resembling that of mammalian or avian brains was found. Alterations of the perivascular immunoreactivities of laminin and β-dystroglycan as indicators of glio-vascular decoupling proved that the lesions were effective on astroglia. The capability of rapid and demarcating astroglial reaction seems to be confined to mammals and birds and to appear by separate, parallel evolution in them.
- PublicationOpen AccessSympathetic nervous system contributes to orthodontic tooth movement by central neural regulation from hypothalamus(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2020) Cao, Haifeng; Fang, Bing; Wang, Xudong; Zhou, YanhengOrthodontic tooth movement (OTM) is a specific treatment of malocclusion, whose regulation mechanism is still not clear. This study aimed to reveal the relationship between the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and OTM through the construction of an OTM rat model through the utilization of orthodontic nickeltitanium coiled springs. The results indicated that the stimulation of SNS by dopamine significantly promote the OTM process represented by the much larger distance between the first and second molar compared with mere exertion of orthodontic force. Superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx) can alleviate this promotion effect, further proving the role of SNS in the process of OTM. Subsequently, the ability of orthodontic force to stimulate the center of the SNS was visualized by the tyrosin hydroxylase (TH) staining of neurons in ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) and arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus, as well as the up-regulated expression of norepinephrine in local alveolar bone. Moreover, we also elucidated that the stimulation of SNS can promote osteoclast differentiation in periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) and bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) through regulation of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)/osteoprotegerin (OPG) system, thus promoting the OTM process. In conclusion, this study provided the first evidence for the involvement of the hypothalamus in the promotion effect of SNS on OTM. This work could provide a novel theoretical and experimental basis for further understanding of the molecular mechanism of OTM.
- PublicationOpen AccessCD9 expression in vascular aging and atherosclerosis(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2020) Kim, Jae-Ryong; Cho, Joon HyukCD9 is a transmembrane glycoprotein belonging to the tetraspanin family. CD9 expression has been reported to be associated with cellular signaling, cell adhesion, cell migration, and tumor related processes. The aim of this study was to examine the immunohistochemical expression of CD9 in vascular senescence and atherosclerosis. One hundred and twenty samples of normal young arteries (obtained from individuals aged 0-60 years), 40 samples of normal old arteries (obtained from individuals aged 61-80 years), and 67 samples of atherosclerotic arteries were obtained from surgically resected specimens. Tissue microarray blocks were prepared for immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining detected CD9 expression in 10.8% (13 of 120 samples) of normal young arteries and 30.0% (12 of 40 samples) of normal old arteries. CD9 expression was absent or mildly present in the smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells of normal arteries. Normal old arteries showed significantly higher expression of CD9 than normal young arteries (P<0.01). Atherosclerotic arteries showed moderate or strong CD9 expression (65 of 67 samples, 97.0%), which was observed in the smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, macrophages, and atheromatous plaques. CD9 was significantly expressed in the atherosclerotic arteries compared to normal young and old arteries (P<0.01). The results suggest that CD9 expression may play an important role in the vascular senescence and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
PublicationMetadata onlyNephrotoxicity of cypermethrin in rats. Histopathological aspects(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2020) Alalwani, Aisha D.Cypermethrin (CYP) is an important type II pyrethroid pesticide widely used to protect crops against pests and insect infestations. However, its toxicity is a risk to both human health and the surrounding environment. The present study was conducted to investigate the nephrotoxic effect and histopathological changes caused by cypermethrin in the kidney tissues of adult wistar rats. In this study, 30 Wistar rats were equally divided into three groups. G1, control animals; G2 and G3 treated with various sub lethal doses of CYP for 30 days as follows: G2, administered low dose (1/100 of LD50) of CYP; G3, administered high dose (1/50 of LD50) of CYP. The damage to different organelles of renal proximal and distal cells was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Histopathological damage in kidney samples was confirmed using morphological and histological measures. The results showed that CYP caused significant histopathological damage to the renal proximal and distal tubules of treated rats. Compared to control samples, CYP caused marked alterations in the dimensions of nucleus, ovoid and filamentous mitochondria of the treated cells. In conclusion, cypermethrin is found to be toxic to mammals. It caused marked ultrastructural damage to the renal proximal and distal tubules of wistar rats and the intensity of nephrotoxicity correlated with the dose of oral administration.- PublicationOpen AccessProliferative and chondrogenic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells from pluripotent and bone marrow cells(Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2020) Sfougataki, Irene; Varela, Ioanna; Stefanaki, Kalliope; Karagiannido, Angeliki; Roubelakis, Maria G.; Kalodimou, Vasiliki; Papathanasiou, Ioanna; Traeger-Synodinos, Joanne; Kitsiou-Tzeli, Sofia; Kitra, Vasiliki; Tsezou, Aspasia; Maria, Tzetis; Goussetis, EvgeniosIntroduction. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can be derived from a wide range of fetal and adult sources including pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). The properties of PSC-derived MSCs need to be fully characterized, in order to evaluate the feasibility of their use in clinical applications. PSC-MSC proliferation and differentiation potential in comparison with bone marrow (BM)-MSCs is still under investigation. The objective of this study was to determine the proliferative and chondrogenic capabilities of both human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC-) and embryonic stem cell (hESC-) derived MSCs, by comparing them with BMMSCs. Methods. MSCs were derived from two hiPSC lines (hiPSC-MSCs), the well characterized Hues9 hESC line (hESC-MSCs) and BM from two healthy donors (BMMSCs). Proliferation potential was investigated using appropriate culture conditions, with serial passaging, until cells entered into senescence. Differentiation potential to cartilage was examined after in vitro chondrogenic culture conditions. Results. BM-MSCs revealed a fold expansion of 1.18x105 and 2.3x105 while the two hiPSC-MSC lines and hESC-MSC showed 5.88x1010, 3.49x108 and 2.88x108, respectively. Under chondrogenic conditions, all MSC lines showed a degree of chondrogenesis. However, when we examined the formed chondrocyte micromasses by histological analysis of the cartilage morphology and immunohistochemistry for the chondrocyte specific markers Sox9 and Collagen II, we observed that PSC-derived MSC lines had formed pink rather than hyaline cartilage, in contrast to BM-MSCs. Conclusion. In conclusion, MSCs derived from both hESCs and hiPSCs had superior proliferative capacity compared to BM-MSCs, but they were inefficient in their ability to form hyaline cartilage
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