Histology and histopathology Vol.22, nº 1 (2007)
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- PublicationOpen AccessHistochemical study of glycoconjugates in the toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus oesophagus epithelium(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2007) Desantis, S.; Cirillo, F.; Deflorio, M.; Megalofonou, P.; Palazón, J.L.; Sarasquete, C.; De Metrio, G.The carbohydrate expression in the epithelium lining the oesophagus of the toadfish Halobatrachus didactylus was studied by means of conventional and lectin histochemistry. The stratified epithelium was constituted by basal cells, polymorphous cells in the intermediate layer, pyramidal and flattened cells in the outer layer and contained two types of large secretory cells: goblet cells and sacciform cells. PAS, Alcian blue pH 2.5 and pH 1.0 stained very strongly the goblet cells, weakly the surface of the other epithelial cells but did not stain the sacciform cells. The goblet cells cytoplasm contained oligosaccharides with terminal Galß1,3GalNAc, a/ßGalNAc, Galß1,4GlcNAc, aL-Fuc and internal ßGlcNAc residues (PNA, SBA, RCA120, UEA I, LTA and KOH-sialidase-WGA affinity). Galß1,4GlcNAc, aL-Fuc and internal ßGlcNAc were also found in the glycocalyx. The sacciform cells expressed sialyloligosaccharides terminating with Neu5Aca2,3Galß1,4GlcNac, Neu5Acß2,6Gal/GalNAc, Neu5AcForssman pentasaccharide (MAL II, SNA, KOH-sialidase-DBA staining) as well as asialoglycoconjugates with terminal/internal aMan (Con A affinity) and with terminal Galß1,3GalNAc, Forssman pentasaccharide, Galß1,4GlcNAc, GalNAc (HPA and SBA reactivity), aGal (GSA I-B4 reactivity), D-GlcNAc (GSA II labelling), aL-Fuc. The basal cells cytoplasm exhibited terminal/internal aMan and terminal Neu5Aca2,6Gal/GalNAc, Galß1,4GlcNAc, a/ßGalNAc, aGal, GlcNAc, aL-Fuc. Intermediate cells showed oligosaccharides with terminal/internal aMan and/or terminating with Neu5Aca2,6Gal/GalNAc, Galß1,4GlcNAc in the cytoplasm and with Neu5Aca2,3Galß1,4GlcNac, a/ßGalNAc, aGal, GlcNAc, aL-Fuc in the glycocalyx. The pyramidal cells expressed terminal/internal aMan and terminal Neu5Aca2,6Gal/GalNAc, a/ßGalß1,4NAc, aGal, aLFuc in the entire cytoplasm, terminal Neu5Aca2,3 Galß1,4GlcNac and Forssman pentasaccharide in the apical extension, internal ßGlcNAc and/or terminal aLFuc in the luminal surface, Neu5aca2,3Galß1,4GlcNac, Neu5Aca2,6Gal/GalNAc, Galß1,4GlcNAc, aGal in the basolateral surface. The flattened cells displayed glycans with terminal/internal aMan and terminal Neu5Aca2,6Gal/GalNAc, a/ßGalNAc, aGal, DGlcNAc in the entire cytoplasm, glycans terminating with Galß1,3GalNAc and/or internal ßGlcNAc in the sub-nuclear cytoplasm.
- PublicationOpen AccessDevelopment of the mouse mandibles and clavicles in the absence of skeletal myogenesis(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2007) Rot-Nikcevic, I.; Downing, K.J.; Hall, B.K.; Kablar, B.In this report we employed double-knock-out mouse embryos and fetuses (designated as Myf5-/-: MyoD-/- that completely lacked striated musculature to study bone development in the absence of mechanical stimuli from the musculature and to distinguish between the effects that static loading and weight-bearing exhibit on embryonic development of skeletal system. We concentrated on development of the mandibles (= dentary) and clavicles because their formation is characterized by intramembranous and endochondral ossification via formation of secondary cartilage that is dependent on mechanical stimuli from the adjacent musculature. We employed morphometry and morphology at different embryonic stages and compared bone development in double-mutant and control embryos and fetuses. Our findings can be summarized as follows: a) the examined mutant bones had significantly altered shape and size that we described morphometrically, b) the effects of muscle absence varied depending on the bone (clavicles being more dependent than mandibles) and even within the same bone (e.g., the mandible), and c) we further supported the notion that, from the evolutionary point of view, mammalian clavicles arise under different influences from those that initiate the furcula (wishbone) in birds. Together, our data show that the development of secondary cartilage, and in turn the development of the final shape and size of the bones, is strongly influenced by mechanical cues from the skeletal musculature.
- PublicationOpen AccessModulation of apelin and APJ receptor in normal and preeclampsia-complicated placentas(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2007) Cobellis, L.; De Falco, M.; Mastrogiacomo, A.; Giraldi, D.; Dattilo, D.; Scaffa, C.; Colacurci, N.; De Luca, A.Apelin is an endogenous ligand of the human orphan receptor APJ. This peptide is produced through processing from the C-terminal portion in the pre-proprotein consisting of 77 amino acid residues and exists in multiple molecular forms. Although the main physiological functions of apelin have not yet been clarified, it is known that apelin is involved in the regulation of blood pressure, blood flow and central control of body fluid homeostasis in different organs. Since human placenta is a tissue where vasculogenesis, blood pressure and flow are dramatically important to allow a normal embryonic and fetal growth and development, the aim of the present study was to investigate the immunohistochemical distribution of apelin and APJ in normal placentas throughout pregnancy and in preeclampsia-complicated placentas. Specifically, we observed that in normal placentas the expression levels of apelin decreased from the first to the third trimester of gestation in both cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast cells and in the stroma of placental villi, in contrast with increased expression levels of APJ in the cytoplasm of cytotrophoblast cells and in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of normal placenta samples. In contrast, in preeclampsia-complicated pregnancies, we observed a very strong increase of expression levels of both apelin and APJ receptor in all the placental compartments, cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast and stroma with a particular increase in endothelial cells inside preeclamptic placental villi. Our data seem to indicate an important role of apelin and APJ in the regulation of fetal development through a correct regulation of human placenta formation during pregnancy. Moreover, the strong expression levels of apelin and APJ in preeclamptic placentas, suggest their possible involvement in the onset of this pathology.
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- PublicationOpen AccessA review of FGF18: Its expression, signaling pathways and possible functions during embryogenesis and post-natal development(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2007) Haque, T.; Nakada, S.; Hamdy, R.C.FGF18 is a novel growth factor first reported in 1998. Current evidence suggests that FGF18 may play a prominent role in chondrogenesis and osteogenesis during skeletal development and growth. However, its function extends to many other biological processes. Although there remains much to be discovered and investigated on the functions and mechanisms of FGF18, it may play a role as a useful therapeutic target for various applications. The following review summarizes the current knowledge on FGF18 with special emphasis on its skeletal functions and highlights its potential areas for future research.
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