Histology and histopathology Vol.21, nº 8 (2006)
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- PublicationOpen AccessRecent advances in the treatment of colon cancer(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2006) Xu, R.; Zhou, B.; Fung, P.C.W.; Li, X.Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Although surgical resection is still the only treatment capable of curing colon cancer, adjuvant therapy continues to play an important role in preventing recurrence and metastasis. In recent years remarkable progress has been made in the treatment of colon cancer. This review discusses recent advances in adjuvant therapy for colon cancer, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy and apoptosis induction. In the meantime, molecular therapy is also elucidated in the above methods. All these new advances will provide new promises for patients of colon cancer.
- PublicationOpen AccessHistological changes and Micronucleus induction in the Zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha after Paraquat exposure(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2006) Mantecca, P.; Vailati, G.; Bacchetta, R.The herbicide paraquat (PQ), still widely used in developing countries, represents a serious risk factor for human and environmental health. To test the sublethal effects of PQ on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha, mussels were exposed to 0.125, 0.250, 0.500 mg/L for 7 and 14 days and histologically screened. PQ’s genotoxic potential was also determined in haemocytes by the micronucleus, MN, assay. At concentrations ³ 0.250mg/L, severe lesions, such as cellular vacuolation, lysis and thinness of the germinative epithelia were observed in the digestive gland and testis. A positive trend between the number of granulocytes and all PQ concentrations was observed in both gonads and digestive glands, addressing the inflammatory capacity of this herbicide on these tissues. Mussels exposed to PQ also exhibited a significant MN induction. The spontaneous MN frequencies ranged from 2.75 to 4.25‰, while PQ-induced MN rates in treated mussels were between 3.50 and 12.50‰. The histopathological effects on the digestive and reproductive systems, as well as the MN induction in the haemocytes, confirmed the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of PQ also in D. polymorpha.
- PublicationOpen AccessMacrophage populations and cardiac sympathetic denervation during L-NAME-induced hypertension in rats(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2006) Neves, S.R.S.; Machado, C.R.S.; Pinto, A.M.T.; Borges, A.H.D.; Cunha, F.Q.; Camargos, E.R.S.The rat model of hypertension induced by prolonged treatment with Nw-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) has been extensively used. However, the effects on cardiac autonomic innervation are unknown. Here, the cardiac sympathetic innervation is analyzed in parallel with myocardial lesions and leukocyte infiltration during L-NAME (40 mg/Kg body weight/day, orally) treatment. The occurrence of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, a controversial matter, is also addressed. Degenerating cardiomyocytes and focal inflammation occurred one day after treatment. Inflammatory lesions became gradually more frequent until day 7. At day 14 fibroblast-like cells were outstanding. Interstitial and perivascular connective tissue increased from day 28 on. In the left ventricle, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy occurred only around the damaged area during the first 14 days. After 28 days, it became more widespread. In the right ventricle, the hypertrophic cardiomyocytes were restricted to damaged areas. Significant reduction of the noradrenergic nerve terminals occurred from day 3 to 28. The area occupied by ED1+ (hematogenous) macrophages increased until day 7, and dropped to control levels by day 10. ED2+ (resident) macrophages increased from day 3 to 7 and remained higher than control values up to day 77. Animals receiving both L- NAME and aminoguanidine (AG), an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor (65 mg/Kg body weight/day, orally), showed significant decrease in the nitrite serum levels, sympathetic denervation and macrophage infiltration at day 7. No denervation was detectable at day 14 of double treatment, using subcutaneous AG. Our findings favor a role for ED1+ macrophages and iNOS in the hypertension–induced denervation process.
- PublicationOpen AccessMegakaryocytic features useful for the diagnosis of myeloproliferative disorders can be obtained by a novel unsupervised software analysis(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2006) Tripodo, C.; Valenti, C.; Ballarò, B.; Rudzki, Z.; Tegolo, D.; Di Gesù, V.; Florena, A.M.; Franco, V.An unsupervised method for megakaryocyte detection and analysis is proposed, in order to validate supplementary tools which can be of help in supporting the pathologist in the classification of Philadelphia negative chronic myeloproliferative disorders with thrombocytosis. The experiment was conducted on high power magnification photomicrographs taken from hematoxylin-and-eosin 3 µm thick sections of formalin fixed, paraffin embedded bone marrow biopsies from patients with reactive thrombocytosis or chronic myeloproliferative disorders. Each megakaryocyte has been isolated in the photos through an image segmentation process, mainly based on mathematical morphology and wavelet analysis. A set of features (e.g. area, perimeter and fractal dimension of the cell and its nucleus, shape complexity via elliptic Fourier transform, and so on) is used to characterize the disorders and discriminate between essential thrombocythemia and idiopathic myelofibrosis. Features related to the general contour of the cell like cytoplasmic area and perimeter are good markers in distinguishing between normal or reactive and pathologic megakaryocytes while nuclear features and global circularity are helpful in the differential diagnosis between ET and prefibrotic IMF. The method proposed should be considered as a fast preprocessing tool for the diagnostic phase and its use can be extended to solve different object recognition problems.
- PublicationOpen AccessStudy of microvessel density and the expression of the angiogenic factors VEGF, bFGF and the receptors Flt-1 and FLK-1 in benign, premalignant and malignant prostate tissues(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2006) Pallarés, J.; Rojo, F.; Iriarte, J.; Morote, J.; Armadans, L.I.; De Torres, I.Purpose: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor that stimulates endothelial cell growth and enhances vascular permeability. VEGF exerts its action by binding to the specific cell surface receptors, fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt-1) and fetal liver kinase 1 (FLK/ KDR). In tumor angiogenesis, Vascular endothelial growth factor stimulates endothelial cells to produce Basic fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF), which further enhances angiogenic activity. Very little information on the expression of VEGF, bFGF, and the receptors Flt-1 and FLK/KDR is available. Herein, we evaluate the expression of these angiogenic factors and receptors in normal prostate, high grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and prostatic cancer (CaP). Materials and Methods: 58 selected surgical specimens exhibiting areas of normal prostate, HGPIN, and CaP were evaluated for microvessel density, and for VEGF, bFGF, Flt-1 and FLK/KDR protein expression by immunohistochemistry. Results were correlated with pathological data. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the microvessel density and in the expression of the angiogenic factors VEGF, bFGF and the receptors FLK/KDR and Flt-1, in the premalignant and malignant tissues in comparison with normal prostatic glands. Microvessel density also correlated with higher Gleason grade, pathological stage and the expression of the receptors FLK/KDR and Flt-1. Conclusions: The “initiation switch” of angiogenesis was observed to be an early event consistent with the recruitment of new vasculature into high grade PIN lesions and it increased in the progression of prostatic cancer.
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