Investigación

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https://hdl.handle.net/10201/51

Investigación contiene los documentos generados por los docentes e investigadores de la Universidad en su labor de investigación. Este depósito tiene como objetivos el almacenamiento, la gestión, la preservación y la difusión de estos documentos, y pretende contribuir al aumento de la visibilidad del trabajo desarrollado por los miembros de la comunidad universitaria.

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Open Access
A systematic literature review of the phenomenon of disinformation and misinformation
(Cogitatio Press, 2023-04-28) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Lilleker, Darren; Tapia‐Frade, Alejandro; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Disinformation threatens the virtue of knowledge. The notion of truth becomes corrupted when citizens believe and give credibility to false, inaccurate, or misleading messages. This situation is particularly relevant in the digital age, where users of media platforms are exposed to different sorts of persuasive statements with uncertain origins and a lack of authenticity. How does academia understand the disinformation problem, and are we equipped to offer solutions? In response to this question, our study provides an overview of the general definitions, trends, patterns, and developments that represent the research on disinformation and misinformation. We conducted a systematic review of N = 756 publications covering eight years, 2014–2022. This period captures phenomena such as Trump’s emergence as a candidate for the US presidency, his term in office, as well as the leadership of figures such as Erdogan in Turkey, Bolsonaro in Brazil, Modi in India, and various similar populist and nationalist leaders across a range of democratic and semi‐democratic societies. This period is also one that witnessed the first global pandemic, when misinformation and disinformation not only threatened societal cohesion but the lives of people. This systematic review explores the critical terminology used, the areas of social life where disinformation is identified as problematic, the sources identified as creating or circulating this material, as well as the channels studied, the targets, and the persuasiveness of the discourse. What this article offers, then, is an overview of what we know about disinformation and what gaps in research should be pursued. We conclude that given the problems that misinformation and disinformation are seen to cause for democratic societies, we need to assess the contribution of social science in providing a foundation for scientific knowledge.
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A systematic review of psychological well-being interventions for child victims of school violence
(Elsevier, 2024-12-31) Cascales Martínez, Andrea; Pina, David; López López, Reyes; Puente López, Esteban; López Ros, Paloma; Molero, María del Mar; Pérez Fuentes, María del Carmen; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
School violence is a serious social problem that affects many children and adolescents, with serious repercussions on their psychological well-being. In response to this situation, various prevention programs have been developed and implemented regardless of the role of the minor. Among the actions of greatest clinical and community interest are those focused on victims of bullying. The aim of this study is to analyze the interventions aimed at improving the psychological well-being of victims of school violence, as well as to describe the variables on which they intervene, and the results obtained. The methodology used was a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations, exploring all the studies published until December 2023 in the main databases. Experimental, quasi-experimental or pre-experimental studies were included, with minors between 6 and 17 years old, victims of bullying. On the other hand, studies where the population was diagnosed with developmental disorders or where the sample size in the posttest was less than 10 participants were excluded. The search yielded 40,120 articles, of which 39 were finally included in this review. Most studies reported that the intervention improved outcomes for victims, with half of them reporting effect sizes. Generally, psychoeducational interventions were described, with the cognitive-behavioral approach predominating as the most effective. The set of interventions collected provides researchers and professionals with evidence of empirically supported techniques that can be used in future interventions with children involved in school violence situations.
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Activación comunitaria local inclusiva y sostenible
(Tirant Humanidades, 2022) Pastor Seller, Enrique; Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales; Avilés Hernández, Manuela; Marín Gómez, Isabel; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Trabajo Social
La irrupción del coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 ha alterado profundamente todas las realidades (sociales, sanitarias, económicas, culturales, ambientales, relacionales), evidenciando las debilidades de los sistemas protección social, las instituciones y las organizaciones sociales. El capítulo presenta las transformaciones sociales derivadas de la diversidad de prácticas comunitarias implementadas en el ámbito local en España. Experiencias impulsadas por administraciones públicas, organizaciones sociales y,/o ciudadanos, con diferentes diseños, agendas, propósitos y alcances, con el denominador común de la dimensión comunitaria de los cuidados y la cohesión social territorial. Iniciativas que pretenden dar respuestas, individuales y colectivas, a las "nuevas" situaciones de emergencia social, económica y sanitaria, utilizando de manera intensiva las nuevas tecnologías y con un enfoque integral de proximidad local.
Open Access
Adaptación y validación del Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Violencia (CAHV) en una muestra de adolescentes de Perú
(Universidad de Vigo, 2024-11-04) Pina, David; Montes Iturrizaga, Iván; Franco Chalco, Eduardo; Zeladita Huamán, Jhon Alex; Puente López, Esteban; Cascales Martínez, Andrea; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
Las actitudes hacia la violencia son un factor predictor del comportamiento violento en el contexto escolar. El Cuestionario de Actitudes Hacia la Violencia (CAHV) es uno de los instrumentos de evaluación más utilizados en este contexto. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue la adaptación y validación del cuestionario (CAHV) a adolescentes peruanos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 643 estudiantes de educación básica de Lima Metropolitana, Perú (M = 12,8; DT=1,32, rango: 11-16, 54,9% hombres) obtenida mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se analizó la estructura interna y factorial, así como la invarianza según el sexo. Finalmente, se obtuvo un modelo unidimensional para cada una de las 4 escalas, con 5 ítems cada una. Se obtuvieron adecuados índices de ajuste y valores adecuados de consistencia interna (α = ,748-,782). Los resultados obtenidos señalan que el CAHV es un instrumento útil, fiable y válido, con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar las actitudes hacia la violencia en adolescentes peruanos escolarizados.
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Alcance de la responsabilidad del 42.2.a) LGT respecto de las estrategias preparatorias de ocultación o transmisión de bienes previas al devengo de la obligación tributaria principal
(Dykinson, 2021-07-01) Marcos Cardona, Marta; Derecho Financiero, Internacional y Procesal; Facultad de Derecho
El objeto de estudio versa sobre la interpretación del alcance temporal del artículo 42.2.a de la LGT, teniendo en cuenta, en especial, la doctrina sentada por nuestro Tribunal Supremo. En concreto se ha planteado y analizado si fuera factible, por tener acomodo legal, una derivación de responsabilidad por ocultación respecto de actuaciones preparatorias anteriores al devengo de la deuda tributaria.
Open Access
Algoritmos y big data en la responsabilidad penal: el reto de la cibercriminalidad en el Derecho Penal
(Roma TrE-Press, 2023-02) Pérez Arias, Jacinto; Historia Jurídica y de Ciencias Penales y Criminológicas; Facultad de Derecho
Open Access
An optimization-based approach to ranking aggregation with weak order outputs
(2026) Aledo, Juan A.; Landete, Mercedes; Domínguez Sánchez, Concepción; Jaime Alcántara, Juan de Dios; Estadística e Investigación Operativa; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Matemáticas
Rank aggregation problems combine individual orderings of a common set of items into a consensus ranking reflecting collective preferences. This paper introduces a general Integer Linear Programming (ILP) framework to model and solve aggregation problems whose solutions are weak orders (bucket orders). The framework provides a flexible and tractable architecture that incorporates structural and normative constraints required in practice. Within this setting, we develop several ILP formulations embedding additional structural requirements on the consensus bucket order, including a fixed number of buckets, predefined bucket sizes, top-$k$ constraints, and group-based fairness conditions. The formulations are modular and adaptable to different aggregation contexts. A particularly relevant case is the Optimal Bucket Order Problem (OBOP), for which we present the first exact mixed-integer linear programming formulation. We evaluate the models through computational experiments, comparing optimal solutions with the heuristics of Aledo et al.\ (2018) and assessing scalability on benchmark instances from the PrefLib library. Finally, we present a real-world case study on Spanish universities, where the proposed models aggregate competing rankings under structural and fairness constraints.
Open Access
Análisis crítico de las nuevas reducciones introducidas por la Ley 12/2023 aplicables sobre los rendimientos netos derivados del arrendamiento de viviendas en el IRPF
(Centro de Estudios Financieros, 2025-03-14) Marcos Cardona, Marta; Derecho Financiero y Tributario; Facultad de Derecho
Among the set of measures that public authorities may adopt to facilitate access to rental housing, fiscal policy plays a fundamental role. Focusing on the realm of personal taxation, Law 12/2023, of 24 May, introduced changes to the taxation of rental income, modifying the reduction percentages applicable to net positive income in the Personal Income Tax (IRPF). Prior to its enactment, the general reduction stood at 60 %, but the new legislation establishes a basic percentage of 50 %, with the possibility of increasing it up to 90 %. The application of these different percentages is subject to compliance with certain specific requirements, whose adequacy and effectiveness will be subject to critical analysis.
Open Access
Análisis descriptivo de la mediación penal con menores en la Región de Murcia - España
(Edições Universitárias Lusófonas, 2024) Gómez Navarro, Carmen María; Flores Roca, Natalia; Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales
Esta investigación tiene como objetivo explorar en profundidad las medidas judiciales impuestas en España y en la Región de Murcia, enfocándose en la mediación penal juvenil como una estrategia eficaz para reducir la reincidencia y la delincuencia entre jóvenes. El estudio examina los fundamentos teóricos de la mediación penal juvenil, sus principios y procesos, el marco jurídico, y el protocolo específico aplicado en la Región de Murcia. Además, se destacan los beneficios de la mediación penal juvenil en comparación con el sistema de justicia penal tradicional, analizando su efectividad a través de resultados prácticos. Se enfatiza que la mediación penal juvenil es una forma de justicia restaurativa. Para evaluar la respuesta social hacia los menores infractores, se realizó una revisión documental y un estudio comparativo entre los datos del Observatorio de la Infancia, dependiente de la Dirección General de Derechos de la Infancia y la Adolescencia del Ministerio de Derechos Sociales, y los datos de la Unidad de Mediación Intrajudicial del Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Murcia. Los resultados indican una disminución en las derivaciones a mediación penal juvenil en la Región de Murcia. La investigación revela una desconexión entre la teoría y la práctica: aunque la teoría respalda la eficacia de la mediación penal con menores, se requiere un mayor apoyo y desarrollo para integrarla efectivamente en el sistema de justicia juvenil de la Región de Murcia. Esto sugiere la necesidad de fortalecer la mediación penal juvenil para garantizar su éxito y maximizar su impacto en la reducción de la delincuencia juvenil. -------------------
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Approaching the emotional impact of loss of manner in translation: a case study on the reception of translated domestic violence testimonies
(Taylor and Francis Group, Routledge, 2024-11-20) Cifuentes-Férez, Paula; Traducción e Interpretación
Translating between typologically different languages most often involves altering the amount and type of manner information present in the source text. Whether manner is added or omitted in translated crime events, for instance, has been found to influence the audience’s judgments about the violence and their decisions on a possible punishment. However, the emotional impact on the audience has not been addressed yet. The present article reports on a reception study designed to test the emotional impact of loss of manner in the English-into-Spanish translation of domestic violence testimonies by including psychometric tests to measure audience’s positive and negative affect and emotional engagement with the text. Results reveal intriguing differences on the audience’s emotional impact and suggest that, beyond including or omitting manner, the type of crime event described in the text plays a crucial role.
Open Access
Arbitraje privado internacional La ley aplicable a la capacidad de las partes, forma y fondo del convenio arbitral
(Thomson Reuters Aranzadi, 2011) Martínez Rivas, Francisco; Historia Jurídica y de Ciencias Penales y Criminológicas; Torre Olid, Francisco de la; Conde Colmenero, Pilar; Méndez Rocasolano, María
Una vez despejada la cuestión de la competencia internacional del tribunal arbitral que va a conocer del litigio, es preciso dar respuesta a la segunda de las materias de máximo interés para el Derecho internacional privado, la ley aplicable. En el presente estudio se aborda la ley que es aplicable tanto a la capacidad de las partes en el convenio arbitral, como a la forma y al fondo del mismo, todo ello con el fin de poder reputar aquél como válido. Ello no es cuestión de poca relevancia, pues en la mayoría de los supuestos, la parte que resulte beneficiada por el laudo arbitral dictado, podrá pretender el reconocimiento/exequatur del mismo para satisfacer los intereses recogidos y dignos de protección de conformidad con aquella resolución". -------
Open Access
Assessment of Non-physical User Violence and Burnout in Primary Health Care Professionals. The Modulating Role of Job Satisfaction
(Frontiers Media, 2022-02-04) Pina, David; Llor Zaragoza, Paloma; López López, Reyes; Ruiz Hernández, José Antonio; Puente López, Esteban; Galián Munoz, Inmaculada; Martínez Jarreta, Begoña; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
Introduction: Growing concern about workplace violence shows the need for an evaluation in specific contexts in order to identify the particularities of each professional group. The health sector consists of a group of professionals with high exposure to violence, specially from users. There are differences depending on the professional category or unit in which the professional works. In this regard, Primary Health Care (PHC) is characterized by a personalized and continuous patient treatment over time, which is not exempt from cases of violence. Among the commonly studied consequences of these situations are decreases in job satisfaction and burnout.Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze the modulating role of job satisfaction in the relationship between non-physical user violence and the onset of burnout.Methods: Cross-sectional comparative descriptive design. The sample consisted of 574 professionals from 39 PHC centers of the Murcian Health Service. Data were collected using two-stage cluster sampling. For data analysis, descriptive analysis, correlations and stepwise hierarchical regression were used to analyze the interaction between the variables.Results: Regression analysis draws a model where non-physical violence and low intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction act as modulators of non-physical violence, cynicism and emotional exhaustion.Conclusions: This study provides evidence of the psychological consequences of the perception of user violence in the PHC staff. Furthermore, it is evident that the emergence of burnout syndrome in these professionals is related to exposure to verbal or non-physical violence together with low job satisfaction. In this sense, a circular and bidirectional relationship between the variables studied is proposed as a possible explanatory model.
Open Access
Attitudes toward school violence against LGBTQIA+. A qualitative study
(MDPI, 2021-10-29) Pina, David; Marín Talón, María Catalina; López López, Reyes; Martínez Sánchez, Ainhoa; Cormos, Lucía Simina; Ruiz Hernández, José Antonio; Abacea, Begoña; Martínez Jarreta, Begoña; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
School climate is one of the main concerns in terms of research and intervention worldwide. Although it can be directed toward any student, some groups seem to be more vulnerable, as is the case of the LGBTQIA+ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and intersex +) students, among others. Attitudes toward violence are a construct of particular importance for action plans focused on improving school coexistence. The aim of this study is to examine attitudes toward school violence against LGBTQIA+ students and their relationship with violent behaviors. For this purpose, 96 Spanish students of Spanish elementary education (PE) and compulsory secondary education (CSE) participated in this qualitative study through focus groups for its subsequent thematic analysis. The results identify four types of attitudes toward violence, such as the use of violence as a form of fun, to feel better, when it is perceived as legitimate, and as a way of relating to the LGBTQIA+ community. In addition, a greater number of negative attitudes and violent behaviors toward homosexual boys and transgender minors are observed.
Open Access
Attitudes towards school violence based on aporophobia. A qualitative study
(Frontiers Media, 2022-12-23) Pina, David; Marín Talón, María Catalina; López López, Reyes; Martínez Andreu, Lucía; Puente López, Esteban; Ruiz Hernández, José Antonio; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
School violence is a worldwide problem. Among the variables that influence its frequency, perceived socioeconomic status seems to be associated with a higher risk of exposure to violence and attitudes toward violence. The aim of this study is to examine attitudes toward violence based on socioeconomic discrimination (aporophobia) and its relationship with violent behaviors in the school context. For this purpose, 96 Spanish students of Primary Education (PE) and Compulsory Secondary Education (CSE) participated in this qualitative study through focus groups and thematic analysis. The results identified three types of attitudes toward violence directed toward those who are perceived as members of a lower status. The attitudes observed are related to self-esteem or feeling better, legitimization and socialization.
Open Access
Attitudes Towards Suicide: A Systematic Review of Evaluation Instruments in Different Settings
(Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid, 2025-05-30) Diaz, María; Pina, David; Díez Gómez, Adriana; Cascales Martínez, Andrea; López López, Reyes; Puente López, Esteban; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
Background/Aim: Suicide is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon that involves multiple variables, among which attitudes stand out. Given its usefulness for suicide prevention and the heteronomy found in the assessment of these attitudes, the aim of this study is to provide an updated synthesis of the instruments available for their evaluation. Method: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. The search included articles published up to December 2023 in the databases Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, Cochrane, and the meta-search engine EBSCOHOST. Results: A total of 105,151 papers were obtained, of which 316 were subjected to a full-text screening that identified 41 studies that met the inclusion criteria. We found 14 original instruments, 11 validations in other samples, 13 psychometric studies and 3 papers that developed modified versions of previous questionnaires. Conclusions: This review can serve as a guide for the choice of tools for the assessment of attitudes towards suicide and, in addition, as a complement for studies on the prevention of suicidal behavior. In this way, the results facilitate responsible decision making based on the available evidence and adjusted to the needs of the professional.
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Bertha von Suttner, frente a la violencia, convivialidad
(Comares, 2023) Sáez Méndez, Leonor; Traducción e Interpretación; Velázquez García, Sara; Diego Sánchez, Jorge
Open Access
Bolonia, una oportunidad para el derecho deportivo
(UCAM (Universidad Católica de Murcia), 2011) Martínez Rivas, Francisco; Torre Olid, Francisco de la; Derecho Administrativo
El nuevo panorama universitario, adaptado al Plan de Bolonia, ha exigido una revisión de estudios de larga tradición como son los de Derecho y este momento ha permitido implantar unos nuevos planes en los que el Derecho del deporte tiene un espacio. Este estudio razona sobre la importancia de esta materia por la consideración de su contenido interdisciplinar, que ejercita en la visión unitaria del Ordenamiento, y por la realidad tan universal que acota, que hace necesario su conocimiento por el jurista, que es un profesional llamado a intervenir en la sociedad e implicarse en lo que ésta se proyecte. Se muestra una experiencia para dibujar, desde la UCAM, un itinerario procedimental y una realidad universitaria que puede inspirar otras iniciativas académicas, con el compromiso con el Derecho deportivo que familiariza con el deporte y contribuye a su fomento; además de exigir estar a resultas de la actualización de un Derecho que, al ser novedoso en su relevancia jurídica, se ha de seguir completando y consolidando.
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Bullshit and lies? How british and spanish political leaders add to our information disorder
(2023-11-02) Lilleker, Darren; Pérez Escolar, Marta; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Within what is known as the post-truth era, politicians strategically trade in alternative interpretations of data, make bold populist claims and on occasions be completely dishonest for party political gains. Such practices coincide with ever-declining trust in politicians and the democratic system, a phenomenon common to both Spain and the UK. We enquire whether public mistrust is deserved exploring the extent party leaders employ misinformation as part of their strategic communication. The paper analyses falsehoods made by political leaders as determined by major fact-checking sites EFE Verifica and Newtral in Spain, and the UK’s BBC Reality Check and Full Fact. We categorise falsehoods as misinformation, alternative facts, bullshit or lies. Results show right-wing parties most responsible for all forms of falsehoods, or they are most likely to face analysis from factcheckers. Falsehoods are used by governments defending their policies, but also by oppositions to attack the government; especially alternative facts. The overwhelming majority of policy attacks based on false information are from opposition parties, particularly Spanish parties on the right. The flagrant use of bullshit and lies, while simultaneously calling out their more mainstream opponents for similar practices, poisons the notion of democratic pluralism and makes low public trust seem perfectly justified.
Open Access
Capítulo vigesimosexto. Arbitraje como medio de resolución de conflictos en la economía colaborativa
(Aranzadi, 2017) Sánchez Hernández, Raquel; Derecho Privado
Open Access
Cibercriminalidad: hacia la nueva realidad-virtual-del derecho penal
(Universidad de Almería, 2021-12-29) Pérez Arias, Jacinto; Historia Jurídica y de Ciencias Penales y Criminológicas; Facultad de Derecho
El fenómeno de la cibercriminalidad se expande cada vez más. Y lo hace de una manera desterritorializada y anónima. Esta situación provoca una lógica preocupación en el derecho penal y la criminología. El presente estudio pretende aproximarse a la problemática de la cibercriminalidad, partiendo de su conceptos y contexto, e intentando describir los problemas que plantea su tratamiento jurídico-penal y análisis criminológico, así como planteando algunas soluciones provisionales de lege ferenda.