Browsing by Subject "Neurogenesis"
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- PublicationOpen AccessOptimal mesenchymal stem cell delivery routes to enhance neurogenesis for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2018) Park, Sang Eon; Lee, Na Kyung; Na, Duk L.; Chang, Jong WookAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common cause of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of memory in addition to cortical atrophy. Despite decades of research and therapeutic trials in AD, an effective treatment is yet to be developed. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as promising tools for the treatment of AD, and clinical trials have been completed or are in progress. MSCs secrete various cytotropic factors that may exert beneficial effects in AD. The route of administration is an important factor to enhance MSC based treatment effects for AD. Among various routes, the intracerebroventricular route may possess several advantages such as the activation of neurogenesis, compared to other routes for AD treatments. In this review, we will focus on recent pre-clinical and clinical advances in MSC-based treatment of AD, specifically in relation to enhancement of endogenous neurogenesis.
- PublicationOpen AccessPax genes in development and maturation of the vertebrate visual system: Implications for optic nerve regeneration(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2001) Ziman, M.R.; Rodger, J.; Chen, P.; Papadimitriou, J.M.; Dunlop, S.A.; Beazley, L.D.Pax genes play a pivotal role in development of the vertebrate visual system. Paxó is the master control gene for eye development: ectopic expression of Paxó in Xenopus laevis and Drosphila melanogaster leads to the formation of differentiated eyes on the legs or wings. Paxó is involved in formation of ganglion cells of the retina, as well as cells of the lens, iris and cornea. In addition Pax6 may play a role in axon guidance in the visual system. Pax2 regulates differentiation of the optic disk through which retinal ganglion cell axons exit the eye. Furthermore, Pax2 plays a critical role in development of the optic chiasm and in the guidance of axons along the contralateral or ipsilateral tracts of the optic nerve to visual targets in the brain. During development Pax7 is expressed in neurona1 cells of one of the major visual targets in the brain, the optic tectumlsuperior colliculus. Neurons expressing Pax7 migrate towards the pia and concentrate in the stratum griseum superficiale (SGFS), the target site for retinal axons. Together, expression of Pax2, 6 and 7 may guide axons during formation of functional retinotectal/ collicular projections. Highly regulated Pax gene expression is also observed in mature animals. Moreover, evidence suggests that Pax genes are important for regeneration of the visual system. We are currently investigating Pax gene expression in species that display a range of outcomes of optic nerve regeneration. We predict that such information will provide valuable insights for the induction of successful regeneration of the optic nerve and of other regions of the central nervous system in mammals including man.
- PublicationOpen AccessPostnatal neurogenesis in the cow pineal gland: an immunohistochemical study(F. Hernández y Juan F. Madrid. Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2013) Gómez Esteban, M.B.; Muñoz Mosqueira, Mª.I.; Arroyo, A.A.; Muñoz Barragán, L.In the pineal gland of cows and rats structures designated rosettes have been described both during embryonic development and in adult animals. In order to investigate the possible nature of the cells comprising such structures, in the present work we studied the pineal glands from 10 cows of one- or fouryears-old using conventional immunocytochemical and confocal microscopy techniques. As markers of glial cells, we used anti-vimentin (Vim) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and anti-S-100 sera, and the pinealocytes were labelled with ß-III tubulin. As a marker of stem cells, we used an antinestin serum, while an anti-PCNA serum was employed to label proliferating cells. To explore the neuronal nature of some cells of the rosettes, we used an anti-SRIF serum. The rosettes were seen to be present throughout the glandular parenchyma and displayed a central cavity surrounded by cells, most of which expressed all or just some of the above glial labels and nestin, although there were also some rosettes with cells that expressed ß-III tubulin and other cells that expressed SRIF. Likewise, in the cells of the rosettes the cell nucleus showed strong expression of PCNA. Confocal microscopy revealed that the walls of the rosettes contained cells that coexpressed Vim/S-100, Vim/GFAP and Vim/nestin. The number of rosettes was significantly greater in the animals of one year of age with respect to the four-year-old cows. The present findings allow us to suggest that rosettes are evolving structures and that most of the cells present in their walls should be considered stem cells, and hence responsible for the postnatal neurogenesis occurring in the pineal gland of cows.
- PublicationOpen AccessThe effects of nitric oxide inhibition prior to kainic acid treatment on neuro- and gliogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus in vivo and in vitro(Murcia: F. Hernández, 2010) Cosgrave, A. Siobhan; McKay, Jennifer S.; Morris, Richard; Quinn, John P.; Thippeswamy, ThimmasettappaTreatment with the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME prior to the induction of seizures with kainic acid (KA) [L-NAME+KA] increases the expression of activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) in cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the rat dentate gyrus 3-days after seizure induction (Cosgrave et al., 2009). Using the incorporation of BrdU we found that this protocol [LNAME+KA] stimulates neuro- and gliogenesis. By comparison, L-NAME or KA alone produced smaller effects. Doublecortin+ (BrdU negative) neuroblasts in the SGZ also significantly increased with L-NAME+KA treatment, suggesting that L-NAME+KA cause more cells to differentiate into neurons. L-NAME alone increased BrdU+ astrocytes in the hilus implying that NO inhibits stem cell differentiation into astrocytes and may also influence their migration. Although NOS inhibition increased cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro it disrupted cell clustering as revealed by ADNP immunoreactivity. In vitro KA treatment resulted in eccentric nuclei, reduced neurite extension and branching in neurons and retracted processes of glia cells, these changes were inhibited with prior treatment of L-NAME suggesting that KA-induced NO production affects cell morphology. Consequently, this data suggests an important role for NO in regulating stem cell proliferation and their fate in the SGZ.