DigitalUM :: Browsing by Subject "Children"

Browsing by Subject "Children"

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Open Access
A Meta-analytic Study on Executive Function Performance in Children/Adolescents with OCD
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2022) López Hernández, Paloma; Sánchez Meca, Julio; Rosa Alcázar, Ángel; Rosa Alcázar, Ana Isabel
The main objective of this work was to carry out a meta-analytical study to examine performance in executive functions in children/adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Method: A comprehensive literature search from 1984 to September 2021 was con-ducted, selecting a total of 20 published studies comparing executive func-tion outcomes among a group of children and/or adolescents with OCD and a healthy control group. Results: Results showed that the total score on the quality scale of studies ranged between 3 and 8.5 points (on a scale of 0 to 9), with a mean of 6.6. The effect sizes in the different executive func-tions were as follows: Inhibition (d+ = -0.221), Cognitive flexibility (d+ = -0.418), Decision making (d+ = -0.169) and Planning (d+ = -0.319), indicat-ing a lower performance in the OCD groups compared to the healthy con-trol groups. Results were clinically significant in all domains except deci-sion making. Publication bias could only be carried out in flexibility and re-sponse inhibition. Conclusions: OCD patients presented worse executive performance than healthy controls in all functions, highlighting cognitive flexibility and planning. However, results should be interpreted with cau-tion due to the small sample size.
Open Access
Adaptación y validación del Cuestionario de Actitudes hacia la Violencia (CAHV) en una muestra de adolescentes de Perú
(Universidad de Vigo, 2024-11-04) Pina, David; Montes Iturrizaga, Iván; Franco Chalco, Eduardo; Zeladita Huamán, Jhon Alex; Puente López, Esteban; Cascales Martínez, Andrea; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
Las actitudes hacia la violencia son un factor predictor del comportamiento violento en el contexto escolar. El Cuestionario de Actitudes Hacia la Violencia (CAHV) es uno de los instrumentos de evaluación más utilizados en este contexto. El objetivo principal del presente estudio fue la adaptación y validación del cuestionario (CAHV) a adolescentes peruanos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 643 estudiantes de educación básica de Lima Metropolitana, Perú (M = 12,8; DT=1,32, rango: 11-16, 54,9% hombres) obtenida mediante muestreo no probabilístico. Se analizó la estructura interna y factorial, así como la invarianza según el sexo. Finalmente, se obtuvo un modelo unidimensional para cada una de las 4 escalas, con 5 ítems cada una. Se obtuvieron adecuados índices de ajuste y valores adecuados de consistencia interna (α = ,748-,782). Los resultados obtenidos señalan que el CAHV es un instrumento útil, fiable y válido, con adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para evaluar las actitudes hacia la violencia en adolescentes peruanos escolarizados.
Open Access
Adherence to mediterranean diet related with physical fitness and physical activity in schoolchildren aged 6–13
(MDPI, 2020-02-22) López-Gil, José Francisco; Brazo-Sayavera, Javier; García-Hermoso, Antonio; Yuste Lucas, Juan Luis; Actividad Física y Deporte; Expresión Plástica, Musical y Dinámica
The relationship between adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) and both physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) level has been analysed in several studies. The aim of this research was to describe, compare and analyse the level of PF and PA in schoolchildren aged 6–13 in the Region of Murcia, according to adherence to the MD. A descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. A total of 370 schoolchildren (44.9% girls) aged 6–13 (8.7 ± 1.8) from six primary schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain). Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for children and teenagers (KIDMED) was used to determinate the adherence to the MD. The ALPHA-FIT Test Battery was applied for assess body composition and PF. PA level was determined using Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children (PAQ-C). Only 25.9% of the schoolchildren had optimal adherence to the MD. Regarding the scores of the different PF tests in MD groups, only statistically significant differences were found for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) (p = 0.048) in boys. PA level showed statistically significant differences in both boys (p = 0.040) and girls (p = 0.016). A positive relationship was found between the KIDMED and PA level (p = 0.235). A higher probability of having a greater CRF (OR = 1.17; CI = 1.02–1.34) and PA level (OR = 7.84; CI = 2.84–21.60) was found in high MD group. These results suggest that an optimal adherence to the MD is associated with higher CRF and PA level in the selected schoolchildren.
Open Access
Análisis de la distribución de la práctica de actividad física en alumnos de educación infantil
(Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2016) Torres-Luque, Gema; Beltrán, J.; Calahorro Cañada, Fernando; López-Fernández, Iván; Nikolaidis, P.T.
La práctica de actividad física (AF) es un elemento muy importante en la promoción de la salud durante la infancia. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios que profundicen en las características de la AF que desarrollan los niños a lo largo del día. El objetivo del presente estudio fue describir la distribución de la actividad física de una intensidad determinada en bouts o secuencias de diferente duración y durante tres períodos: lunes a viernes, horario escolar y horario extraescolar. Se seleccionaron 107 alumnos de segundo ciclo de Educación Infantil (3,81±0,87 años; 19,64±4,32 kg, 1,19±0,29 m). Los sujetos llevaron un acelerómetro (Actigraph GT3X) durante 5 días consecutivos. Se calcularon los niveles de actividad física, de acuerdo con los puntos de corte propuestos por Sirard et al. (2005) y se analizó la agrupación de la AF de intensidad moderada y vigorosa (AFMV) en bouts de 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10 y 12 min de duración. Los resultados mostraron el predominio de una AF de carácter esporádico, donde alrededor del 90% de la AFMV se realizó en bouts de 1 y 2 min. Se observó un mayor volumen de bouts de 1, 2, 4, 5 y 6 min de duración de lunes a viernes y en horario extraescolar que en el horario escolar (p<0,001). Se pone de manifiesto que la AF en niños de estas edades tiene un carácter intermitente, realizándose en secuencias o intervalos cortos que oscilan entre 1 y 2 min de duración.
Open Access
Análisis documental sobre los riesgos y las posibilidades de internet para los menores. Pautas educativas dirigidas a familias
(Universidad de Murcia, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2021) Hernández Prados, María Ángeles; López Vicent, Patricia; Gamboa Gil de Sola, Gonzalo
Este trabajo presenta un análisis de la literatura científica sobre las consecuencias que tiene el uso que hacen los menores de las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). Para ello, se ha realizado una investigación de tipo teórica-bibliográfica, recurriendo a bases de datos de índole nacional e internacional, para obtener un total de 36 documentos que responden a los descriptores “familia” e “Internet” y a los criterios de inclusión-exclusión empleados, a partir de los cuales se han recogido riesgos y posibilidades para los menores de la red. Los datos han sido extraídos mediante una rejilla de vaciado de contenido, a partir de los cuales se concluye que, en los artículos analizados, los riesgos más generalizados son es el acceso al contenido nocivo, el ciberacoso y la adicción a la red, mientras que las posibilidades más destacadas que ofrece Internet son la creación de una identidad digital, el uso educativo de la red y las relaciones sociales que se pueden establecer a través de la misma. Finalmente, se lleva a cabo una propuesta de pautas educativas dirigidas a familias que permitan poner en práctica las posibilidades educativas y mitigar los principales riesgos de Internet que exponen las publicaciones estudiadas
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Application of International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA) systems in child cancer patients: a clinical case report
(Springer, 2017-05-13) Hernández Fernández, Ana; Oñate Sánchez, Ricardo Elías; Fernández Miñano, Esther; Iniesta López Mantecio, P.; Ortiz Ruiz, Antonio José; Dermatología, Estomatología, Radiología y Medicina Física
Background Leukaemia represents 30–40% of all paediatric malignant tumours and is the main cause of death in patients aged <15 years. One of the main complications in these patients is infection, which may often occur in the oral cavity. Chemotherapy-related oral health problems may be reduced by oral healthcare strategies based on the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) and Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CABRA). Case report A case is reported of a 14-year-old girl treated for leukaemia who presented with established dental caries lesions which were classified and treated according to ICDAS and CABRA protocols. After three, no new caries was observed. Follow-up and conclusion ICDAS and CAMBRA provide useful and effective guidance for the avoidance of dental and systemic problems. Their introduction into standard practice could reduce the legal difficulties derived from dental treatment in these patients.
Open Access
Applying the new teaching methodologies in youth football players: toward a healthier sport
(Frontiers Media, 2019-02-13) García-Angulo, Antonio; García Angulo, Francisco Javier; Torres-Luque, Gema; Ortega Toro, Enrique; Actividad Física y Deporte
At early ages (6–12 years), the levels of physical activity developed in sports initiation and Physical Education often fall short of optimal levels. Ecological models of education seek, among other things, to make up for this deficit by modifying the structural elements of sport, bringing play closer to the child’s developmental characteristics. In this sense, Nonlinear Pedagogy is a model of active pedagogy that seeks the integral development of young players through a sport more in line with their abilities, and that for this is based on a system of constraints on the environment, the task and the player himself. However, there are no studies that analyze the effects of these methodologies on the parameters of physical activity at such an early age. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of a learning methodology based on Nonlinear Pedagogy on health-related levels of physical activity (heart rate) in young football players (U-11). A quasi-experimental study was developed in which three tasks were applied using structural modifications of the football elements related to Nonlinear Pedagogy (modification of the number of players related to situations of inferiority, equality and numerical superiority; dimensions of the field of play). The sample studied was composed of football players, U-11 n = 32), age: 10.35 0.54 years; years of experience: 2.14 0.768 years. The players carried out each task for 10 min. Physical activity levels were measured by controlling heart rate using heart rate monitors (Polar Team2). The results showed very high levels of vigorous and very vigorous physical activity in all the tasks designed. These data show that the use of these new teaching methodologies has an impact on levels of physical activity in accordance with the recommended parameters.
Open Access
Asociación entre el peso de mochilas escolares con el modo de desplazamiento al colegio y dolor musculoesquelético
(Universidad de Murcia, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2022) Ávila-García, Manuel; Solís-Urra, Patricio; Huertas-Delgado, Francisco Javier; Tercedor, Pablo; Villa-González, Emilio
Los objetivos del estudio fueron; 1-Analizar el modo de desplazamiento de los escolares al colegio, el peso y tipo de mochilas transportadas y dolores músculos-esqueléticos diferenciados por sexo. 2-Analizar la asociación entre el peso de las mochilas con el modo de desplazamiento al colegio. Un total de 76 escolares (8.8±0.3 años, 50% niños) participaron en el estudio. El cuestionario Pediátrico de Dolor sirvió para determinar la presencia o no de dolor. El cuestionario PACO fue utilizado para determinar el modo de desplazamiento al colegio. Los resultados indicaron que las niños se desplazaron más de forma activa que los niñas (p=0.042). Además, existió una asociación significativa entre cumplir con el peso recomendado de las mochilas y el desplazamiento activo del colegio al hogar (OR =3.88, p=0.039).Cumplir con el peso recomendado de las mochilas está asociado a la ausencia de dolor musculo-esquelético y el desplazamiento activo al colegio.
Open Access
Attitudes towards School Violence questionnaire, revised version: CAHV-28.
(Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid (COPM), 2020-07) Ruiz Hernández, José Antonio; Puente López, Esteban; Luna Maldonado, Aurelio; Llor Esteban, Bartolomé; Pina, David; Psiquiatría y Psicología Social
School coexistence/violence is often the subject of social alarm. There is no consensus on the prevalence of violent behavior in the classroom, but there does seem to be about its differences according to sex, socioeconomic level, or the importance of preventive interventions for its reduction. Models consider attitudes towards violence as an indicator of risk for its expression. The objectives of this study are to explore the psychometric properties of the revised version of Cuestionario de Actitudes Hacia la Violencia [Attitudes towards Violence Questionnaire] (CAHV-25) in primary and secondary education students, proposing a version of four scales and a total of 28 items, along with the exploration of their significance as a function of sex and academic cycle. A qualitative review of CAHV-25 and a psychometric study of the revised version in each of its original dimensions was carried out, obtaining the fit indicators of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, the scale was studied as a function of sex and educational stage se in school children (N = 600) of the Region of Murcia (Spain). The four dimensions show better psychometric properties in their revised version. Attitudes towards violence are more present in males and in secondary school. As conclusions, the proposed version optimizes the detection of attitudes towards violence in schoolchildren and suggests more specific school violence prevention programs. ------------------
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Biological significance of dietary polyamines
(Elsevier, 2006-09-22) Larqué, Elvira; Sabater Molina, María; Zamora, Salvador; Ciencias Sociosanitarias
Polyamines are classically known by their names of putrescine, spermine, and spermidine. They are synthesized endogenously from ornithine and are interconvertible. In addition, an exogenous supply of polyamines is provided by dietary intake and by intestinal absorption from the products of bacterial metabolism. Polyamine uptake occurs almost entirely in the gut, and afterward the various forms are metabolized in different tissues under the strict regulation of ornithine decarboxylase, which is the first enzyme involved in their synthesis. Polyamines are eliminated from the organism by means of oxidation reactions, appearing in urine in all their metabolic forms. Polyamines play an important role in regulating cell growth and proliferation, the stabilization of negative charges of DNA, RNA transcription, protein synthesis, apoptosis, and the regulation of the immune response. They are components of breast milk and might be important in neonatal gut maturation, for which reason the possible supplementation of infant formulas with these compounds is under study.
Open Access
Bioseguridad en la asistencia al parto. Un análisis del conocimiento de los estudiantes de enfermería
(Murcia : Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2007) Ximenes Neto, F.R.; Lira, P.F.; Aragão, A. E. A.; Ponte, M. A. C.; Monteiro, M. A. A.
Se ha objetivado en este estudio exploratorio-descriptivo, analizar el conocimiento de los estudiantes de Enfermería relacionado con la bioseguridad y su protección individual durante la asistencia al parto. La investigación ha sido realizada en el Curso de Enfermería de una Universidad Pública de Ceará, durante el mes de octubre de 2003. La muestra comprendía 14 estudiantes, siendo 12 del sexo femenino; de ellos, 11 citaron asignaturas transversales que adoptaban precauciones de bioseguridad; todos definieron bioseguridad, sin embargo, de distintas maneras. Con respecto a las medidas preventivas padronizadas de precauciones, efectuadas por los estudiantes en el periodo de preasistencias, solamente 05 (cinco) hicieron referencia a la limpieza de las manos, 08 (ocho) a los cuidados con objetos cortantes, 02 (dos) hicieron referencia a la descontaminación de la superficie y todos mencionaron el uso de EPI - Materiales de Protección Individuales. La falta de una orientación referente a los riesgos profesionales aumenta la vulnerabilidad del trabajador de enfermería, además hay la necesidad de mejorar el entramado curricular dando una mayor profundidad en las medidas de bioseguridad.
Open Access
Body composition of schoolchildren: A comparative analysis
(2024) Faitarone Brasilino, Fabricio; Dias de Jesus, Eduarda Eugenia; Valdivia Moral, Pedro Ángel; Cortes Morales, Pedro Jorge
The aim of the study was to evaluate the body composition of schoolchildren between 6 and 11 years of age, enrolled in elementary school I of municipal schools in a city of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Participated students from 1st to 5th grade. A total of 804 children participated in the sample, 440 girls and 364 boys, aged 6 to 11 years. The research instruments were individual anthropometric measurements for the calculations of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Adiposity Index (BAI). For the analysis and interpretation of the data obtained, the statistical program used was SPSS 20.0. The results of the BMI of the sample were 17.7 kg/m² and the BAI was 20.1%. The boys had lower BMI (0.01 less) and BAI (0.03 less) values. When classifying we see that 53% of the sample is "eutrophic", that is, ideal weight according to the BMI values (kg/m²). Likewise for the BAI (%). We observed that 62% of the sample is classified as "eutrophic". We conclude that the students from 6 to 11 years old enrolled from 1st to 5th grade in municipal schools in a city of Santa Catarina are mostly eutrophic.
Open Access
Capacidad aeróbica en escolares de Educación Primaria determinadamediante el test Course Navette: una revisión sistemática
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, ) López-Gil, José Francisco; Camargo, Edina; Yuste Lucas, Juan Luis
La capacidad aeróbica ha sido ampliamente estudiada a lo largo de los años, debido a su relación con la condición física, el rendimiento deportivo y la salud. Para la evaluación de la misma, un instrumento ampliamente utilizado es el test Course Navette, que calcula de manera indirecta el consumo máximo de oxígeno. El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el panorama actual del nivel de capacidad aeróbica en escolares de Educación Primaria, determinado a través del test Course Navette. Se realizó una revisión sistemática sobre estudios transversales llevados a cabo en todo el mundo, que evaluaron mediante el test Course Navette lacapacidad aeróbica en escolares de Educación Primaria. En total, 19 estudios fueron incluidos en la revisión. La mayoría de los estudios muestran que los niños y niñas de primaria de diferentes países tienen una capacidad cardiorrespiratoria considerada como saludable. No obstante, las medias encontradas no son lo suficientemente eminentes, donde la volatilidad entre participantes resulta elevada. Por ello, es necesario mejorar los niveles de capacidad física en escolares, como un factor de importancia capital para el mantenimiento y optimización de la salud; especialmente, entre aquellos que se encuentran por debajo de los umbrales definidos para el riesgo cardiovascular.
Open Access
Cardiorespiratory fitness as mediator of the relationship of recreational screen time on mediterranean diet score in schoolchildren
(MDPI, 2021-04-23) José Francisco López-Gil; García-Hermoso, Antonio; Brazo-Sayavera, Javier; Tárraga López, Pedro Juan; Yuste Lucas, Juan Luis; Actividad Física y Deporte,; Expresión Plástica, Musical y Dinámica
Background: Studies have reported the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet as well as lower recreational screen time. Similarly, higher screen time has been negatively linked to a lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet. However, the mediator effect of cardiorespiratory fitness on the influence of screen time on adherence to the Mediterranean diet is still unknown. The aim of this study was two-fold: first, to assess the combined association of recreational screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness with adherence to Mediterranean diet among Spanish schoolchildren, and second, to elucidate whether the association between recreational screen time and adherence to the Mediterranean diet is mediated by cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. A total of 370 schoolchildren aged 6–13 years from six schools in the Region of Murcia (Spain) were included. Results: The mediation analysis showed that once screen time and cardiorespiratory fitness were included together in the model, cardiorespiratory fitness was positively linked to adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p = 0.020) and although screen time remained negatively related to adherence to the Mediterranean diet, this association was slightly attenuated (indirect effect = −0.027; 95% CI = (−0.080, −0.002)). Conclusions: This research supports that cardiorespiratory fitness may reduce the negative association between screen time and Mediterranean dietary patterns.
Open Access
Child task-supported interaction in the Spanish EFL setting: research and challenges.
(2019-01-21) García Mayo, María del Pilar
Task - based language teaching research has expanded substantially in foreign language (FL) contexts but most research studies have been carried out with young adults in university settings, despite the fact that FL programs for children are on the increase worldwide. However, there is a clear lack of research - based evidence of what children actually do while performing tasks, which is cruc ial in order to make decisions about appropriate educational provision, to inform policy makers, and to maximize children's learning opportunities. This paper focuses on current research on children in task - based programs both in mainstream English as a Fo reign Language (EFL) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) contexts. It reviews studies that show how children successfully negotiate to make language meaningful, how they engage with the tasks and how they collaborate in different ways durin g task performance. Challenges and future research directions will be highlighted.
Open Access
Children with obesity have poorer circadian health as assessed by a global circadian health score
(Springer, 2024-06-08) Rodríguez‑Martín, María; Martínez‑Lozano, Nuria; Santaclara‑Maneiro, Vicente; Gris‑Peñas, Antonio; Salmerón, Diego; Ríos, Rafael; Tvarijonaviciute, Asta; Garaulet, Marta; Ciencias Sociosanitarias
Background Circadian health refers to individuals’ well-being and balance in terms of their circadian rhythm. It is infuenced by external cues. In adults, a close relationship between circadian-related alterations and obesity has been described. How ever, studies in children are scarce, and circadian health and its association with obesity have not been evaluated globally. We aimed to assess whether circadian health difered between children with and without obesity as determined by a global circadian score (GCS) in a school-age population. Methods Four hundred and thirty-two children (7–12 years) were recruited in Spain. Non-invasive tools were used to calcu late the GCS: (1) 7-day rhythm of wrist temperature (T), activity (A), position (P), an integrative variable that combines T, A, and P (TAP); (2) cortisol; and (3) 7-day food and sleep records. Body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference (WC), melatonin concentration, and cardiometabolic marker levels were determined. Results Circadian health, as assessed by the GCS, difered among children with obesity, overweight, and normal weight, with poorer circadian health among children with obesity. Children with obesity and abdominal obesity had 3.54 and 2.39 greater odds of having poor circadian health, respectively, than did those with normal weight or low WC. The percentage of rhythmicity, a marker of the robustness of the TAP rhythm, and the amplitude, both components of the GCS, decreased with increasing obesity. Diferent lifestyle behaviors were involved in the association between circadian health and obesity, particularly protein intake (P=0.024), physical activity level (P=0.076) and chronotype (P=0.029). Conclusions The GCS can capture the relationship between circadian health and obesity in school-age children. Protein intake, physical activity level, and chronotype were involved in this association. Early intervention based on improving circadian health may help to prevent childhood obesity.
Open Access
Controversies on electromagnetic field exposure and the nervous systems of children
(Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, 2016) Warille, Aymen A.; Onger, M. Emin; Turkmen, A. Pınar; Deniz, Ö. Gülsüm; Altun, Gamze; Yurt, K. Kubra; Altunkaynak, B. Zuhal; Kaplan, Süleyman
This paper reviewed possible health effects from exposure to low levels of electromagnetic field (EMF) in children, arising from electrical power sources and mobile phones. Overall, the information about effects on developmental processes and cognitive functions is insufficient and further research on children and adolescents is critically needed. New research approaches are required focused on the effects on the developmental processes of children exposed to electromagnetic fields, using consistent protocols. When the current data were considered in detail, it was noted that children's unique vulnerabilities make them more sensitive to EMFs emitted by electronics and wireless devices, as compared to adults. Some experimental research shows a neurological impact and exposure in humans may lead to the cognitive and behavioral impairments. Because of the proliferation of wireless devices, public awareness of these dangers now is important to safeguard children’s future healthy brain development.
Open Access
Convention or originality?: The attributes of Christian children in Latin epigraphy.
(Universidad de Murcia, Servicio de Publicaciones, 2022) Curchin, Leonard A.
The Latin tomb inscriptions of Christian children show surprising variety in the phrases and epithets used to describe the deceased. While some are conventional attributes expressing the innocence or piety of the child, others are more imaginative, original and even unique. The inscriptions record qualities such as smallness of the child; modesty; intelligence; devotion to God. They lament the child’s premature death, but forsee its future in heaven. The inscriptions also reflect the grief and love of bereaved parents, suggesting genuine emotions.
Open Access
De la resiliencia individual a la resiliencia comunitaria. Evaluación de un proyecto de investigación-acción sobre el desamparo social de los menores
(2013-12-10) Marzana, Daniela; Marta, Elena; Mercuri, Francesca
El proyecto "Deberes y otras cosas" ha tenido como objeto el fomento de la resiliencia, o sea la capacidad que las personas tienen de adaptarse a las circunstancias adversas, no solo resistiendo, sino también proyectando positivamente sus futuros.La población diana de la intervención ha sido doble. Por un lado, el equipo de educadores del centro "deberes y otras cosas", una escuela de enseñanzas medias dedicada a la ayuda a los menores con dificultades. Por otro lado, el grupo de menores que van a tal centro.El fundamento de la intervención con las educadoras ha sido promover la resiliencia de la comunidad y hacer de los operadores mismos unos tutores de resiliencia, estudiando por qué esto produce recaídas en el individuo, en este caso en los niños. En línea con este objetivo, las educadoras han participado en encuentros de formación en los que han aprendido el significado del concepto, los modelos de referencia y las habilidades para desarrollar herramientas para medir y controlar la resiliencia de los menores. El objetivo con los menores ha sido promover su resiliencia a través de las actividades propuestas en "Deberes y otras cosas". La implementación de la intervención, sus consecuencias y la evaluación se han concentrado en 4 áreas: el Sí, las relaciones, la familia y la escuela. El método ha consistido en la investigación-acción con las educadoras, afectando a las actividades normales del centro y creando momentos de reflexión y de valoraciones.
Open Access
Los derechos de la infancia desde la perspectiva de las necesidades
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2012) Ochaita Alderete, Esperanza; Espinosa Bayal, Mª Angeles
El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un resumen del trabajo –teórico y aplicado-sobre necesidades y derechos de la infancia desarrollado por las autoras desde hace ya alrededor de quince años. Se parte de la idea, aceptada por estudiosos de la filosofía del derecho, de que las necesidades humanas y, en consecuencia, también las de los niños y niñas, pueden considerarse el fundamento moral de sus derechos recogidos en la Convención sobre los Derechos del Niño. También se pone de manifiesto que, a pesar de que el tema se trata en muchas de las publicaciones sobre los derechos de los niños realizada por UNICEF, Naciones Unidas y diversas ONG de infancia, éstas se refieren a las necesidades como algo obvio que, en ningún caso, se llega a dar a conocer de modo sistemático y operativo. Las autoras, partiendo de la teoría de las necesidades humanas publicada en 1992 por Doyal y Gough y de los conocimientos aportados por la pediatría y la psicología evolutiva y de la educación, proponen que las necesidades universales para todos los niños, niñas y adolescentes son dos: salud física y autonomía, y las concretan en unas necesidades de segundo orden o satisfactores primarios, también universales. También se plantea el debate entre la necesaria universalidad de derechos y las necesidades y la existencia de satisfactores de origen cultural. El artículo analiza bre vemente la manifestación de las necesida des en las diferentes etapas del desarrollo y termina con un análisis del articulado de la Convención desde la perspectiva de las necesidades infantiles.