Publication: Craniofacial morphology in Down syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Vicente, Ascensión ; Bravo-González, Luis-Alberto ; López-Romero, Ana ; Serna Muñoz, Clara ; Sánchez-Meca, Julio
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Publisher
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-76984-5
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Description
Material submitted to Scientific Reports should not be discussed with the media, except in the case of accepted contributions, which can be discussed with the media once an embargo date has been set.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the craniofacial cephalometric characteristics of individuals
with Down syndrome (DS), comparing them with healthy subjects. An electronic search was made
in Pubmed, Embase, Lilacs, Scopus, Medline and Web of Science without imposing limitations
on publication date or language. Studies were selecting following the Preferred Reporting Items
for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement. The PECO acronym was applied
as follows: P (population), individuals with DS; E, (exposition) diagnosis of DS; C (comparison),
individuals without DS; O (outcomes) craniofacial characteristics based on cephalometric
measurements. Independent reviewers performed data extraction and assessed the methodological
quality of the articles using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality-Assessment-scale. Seven case–control
studies were included in meta-analysis. Given the variability of the cephalometric measurements
used, only those that had been reported in at least three or more works could be included. Anterior
cranial base length (SN), posterior cranial base length (SBa), total cranial base length (BaN), effective
length of the maxilla (CoA), sagittal relationship between subspinale and supramentale (ANB),
anterior facial height (NMe), and posterior facial height (SGo) values were significantly lower in the DS
population than among control subjects. No significant differences were found in sagittal position of
subspinale relative to cranial base (SNA) and sagittal position of supramentale relative to cranial base
(SNB). Summarizing, individuals with DS present a shorter and flatter cranial base than the general
population, an upper jaw of reduced sagittal dimension, as well as a tendency toward prognatic
profile, with the medium third of the face flattened and a reduced anterior and posterior facial heights.
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Citation
Scientific Reports 10: 19895
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