Publication:
Brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction associate with and contribute to the development of enlarged perivascular spaces and cerebral small vessel disease

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Hayden-39-1565-1586-2024.pdf(6.35 MB)
Date
2024
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Authors
Hayden, Melvin Ray
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Publisher
Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.14670/HH-18-792
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Description
Abstract
Multiple injurious stimuli to the brain’s endothelium results in brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction (BECact/dys) with upregulation of inflammatory signaling cascades and a decrease in bioavailable nitric oxide respectively. These injurious stimuli initiate a brain injury and a response to injury wound healing genetically programed cascade of events, which result in cellular remodeling of the neurovascular unit and blood-brain barrier with increased inflammation and permeability. These remodeling changes also include the perivascular spaces that become dilated to form enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) that may be identified noninvasively by magnetic resonance imaging. These EPVS are associated with and considered to be a biomarker for cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) and a dysfunctional glymphatic system with impaired removal of neurotoxic waste, which ultimately results in neurodegeneration with impaired cognition and dementia. The penultimate section discusses the understudied role of venous cerebral circulation in relation to EPVS, SVD, and the vascular contribution to cognitive impairment (VCID). The focus of this review will be primarily on BECact/dys that associates with and contributes to the development of EPVS, SVD, and impaired glymphatic system efflux. Importantly, BECact/dys may be a key piece of the puzzle to unlock this complicated story of EPVS and SVD. Multiple transmission electron micrographs and illustrations will be utilized to depict anatomical ultrastructure and allow for the discussion of multiple functional molecular cascades.
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Blood-brain barrier , Brain endothelial cell , Brain endothelial cell activation and dysfunction , Cerebral small vessel disease , Enlarged perivascular spaces , Glymphatic system , Neurovascular unit , Perivascular spaces , Transmission electron microscopy
Citation
Histology and Histopathology Vol. 39, nÂş12 (2024)
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10201/146551
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Histology and histopathology Vol.39,nÂş12 (2024)
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