Pérez Escolar, Marta

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Pérez Escolar, Marta

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Pérez Escolar, Marta

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Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Comunicación

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Open Access
Introduction to the dilemmas and struggles of participatory society
(Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Noguera-Vivo, José Manuel; Comunicación; Pérez-Escolar, Marta; Noguera-Vivo, José Manuel; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Multiple authors have already warned about the disadvantages that arise in participatory society due to the peculiarities and traits of online scenarios: Van Alstyne and Brynjolfsson proposed the term ‘cyberbalkanization’ to describe the fragmentation of the internet into special interest groups. One of the most representative and recent examples of the dark side of participatory society was the attack on the US Capitol at the beginning of January 2021. For that reason, when polarized ideological ghettos magnify information disorders and reinforce outrageous behaviors, like the assault on the US Capitol, it is essential to start counterattacking the falsehood, combating hate speech and breaking up social segregation and political fragmentation. Aiming to contribute to the accumulative knowledge about stereotypes and distorted images disseminated by mass media, Cristina Algaba, Beatriz Tome-Alonso and Giulia Cimini attempt to study the representation of the Muslim world in prime-time TV series broadcast in Spain, a country with a long-established Muslim population and a strategic migratory destination.
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Research on vulnerable people and digital inclusion: toward a consolidated taxonomical framework
(Springer, 2022-02-02) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Canet, Fernando; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
The COVID-19 pandemic has not only caused a worldwide health crisis, but it has also deepened existing inequalities, and “has exacerbated the vulnerability of the least protected in society” (United Nations, 2020). Nowadays, there are many population groups that would be regarded as vulnerable. In daily life, citizens deal with a wide range of issues—social injustices, social marginalization and lack of impartiality—due to many reasons: culture, class, ethnicity, race, ideology, religion, gender, etc. To respond effectively to this problem—as the United Nations proposes in the goal 10 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—we first need to understand and clearly define the phenomenon of vulnerable people, and how digital inclusion could represent an asset to help vulnerable people to bridge inequalities. There is no commonly agreed typology framework, and specific categorization criteria as a basis to assist the further investigation of the area. Our work is focused on filling this gap. In doing so, our contribution is twofold. First, we conduct a systematic review of the literature (N = 331 studies) providing an overview of the overall definitions, trends, patterns, and developments that characterize the research on vulnerable people and digital inclusion. Second, we propose a taxonomy to frame the phenomenon of vulnerable people and digital inclusion. The categorization criteria can promote and support further multidisciplinary research to study and explore the relation existing between vulnerable people and digital inclusion.
Open Access
Nuevos referentes informativos de la generación Z. Estudio del rol de los y las influencers en TikTok como divulgadores/as de contenidos
(Fundación iS+D para la Investigación Social Avanzada, 2023-01-30) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Alcaide-Pulido, Purificación; Del Toro, Andrés; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Según los resultados obtenidos por Edelman Trust Barometer, en 2022, tras la pandemia, la ciudadanía ha perdido confianza en las empresas, gobiernos, ONG y medios de comunicación. Ante esto, sin una fuente de liderazgo de confianza a la que los/las usuarios/as puedan acudir, muchos y muchas influencers han decidido aprovechar sus canales de TikTok para alfabetizar a la sociedad y, sobre todo, a los/las más jóvenes –que se informan fundamentalmente a través de redes sociales–. Así, los y las influencers actúan como referentes informativos y nuevos periodistas de la denominada generación Z. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar, a través de una metodología mixta -cuantitativa y cualitativa-, la actividad de siete influencers divulgadores/as de información en TikTok. Se seleccionaron estas siete cuentas por ser referentes especialmente conocidos/as en España y populares por su poder de alfabetización: @charleyokei, @doctorfision, @cienciascomportamiento, @farmaceuticofernandez, @lawtips, @ladyscience y @raquelmascaraque. Los resultados obtenidos arrojan luz sobre las reacciones de la audiencia ante las estrategias discursivas e intenciones informativas de cada perfil. En conclusión, se observa que las estrategias narrativas y audiovisuales, entre otros parámetros, utilizadas por cada influencer en sus vídeos determinan no solo la reacciones positivas y comentarios de las personas que le siguen, sino también el grado de identificación de los/las jóvenes de la generación Z con esos/as referentes informativos en TikTok.
Open Access
How did we get here? The consequences of deceit in addressing political polarization
(Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2021) Noguera-Vivo, José Manuel; Pérez Escolar, Marta; Comunicación; Noguera-Vivo, José Manuel; Pérez-Escolar, Marta; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
The main contribution of this chapter is to study the central role information disorders play in political polarization; in concrete, the objective of this chapter is to illustrate how Spanish political elites – parties and politicians – feed radical ghettos and polarized groups, when distributing lies and fabricated stories on the Internet. For this purpose, we have applied a qualitative methodology, consisting of the case study method, to understand the potential impact of both – political polarization and false content – on the weakened quality of the Spanish democracy. The selected cases include the most popular political parties in Spain: PSOE, PP, Vox, Unidas Podemos and Ciudadanos. As we have demonstrated, political parties in Spain spread both, misinformation and disinformation. We confirm that political parties contribute to increase political polarization when they spread fabricated stories. This results in what we call diversification of polarization, which refers to people becoming isolated in multiple bubble cyber-ghettos depending upon the nature of the issue under debate, i.e. inequality between sexes, climate change, immigration issues, the high prices of rent or the Catalonian independence movement, among other examples. As a consequence, the act of lying increases the diversification of polarization and reduces the possibilities of achieving consensus.
Open Access
Sectores de la nueva economía 20+20. Economía de la participación
(Fundación EOI, 2014) Noguera Vivo, José Manuel; Martínez Sánchez, Jesús Tomás; Nicolás Ojeda, Miguel Ángel; Pérez Escolar, Marta; Gómez Company, Ariana; Grandío Pérez, María del Mar; Hernández Gómez, Francisco; Sánchez Cobarro, Paloma del Henar; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Libro que presenta el concepto de "Economía de la Participación" a través del análisis de veinte casos nacionales de empresas cuyo valor diferencial radica en la participación y colaboración con sus públicos.
Open Access
Demonising migrants in contexts of extremism: analysis of hate speech in UK and Spain
(Cogitatio Press, 2023-05-17) Lilleker, Darren; Pérez Escolar, Marta; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Hate speech has been seen as a problem within democratic societies that has been exacerbated by social media. While platforms claim to moderate content, this proves impossible. Studying popular platforms in the UK and Spain and examining content within community pages dedicated to right-wing parties, we use framing analysis to identify the predominant frames in user comments that contained hate speech against migrants. Our research demonstrates a frequent use of arguments that encourage xenophobic and discriminatory attitudes to flourish. Specifically, we find that immigrants are commonly framed as potential criminals, people who steal resources and erode norms of the dominant culture and traditions. The fact that these frames are commonly used is worrying and indicates xenophobic attitudes exist within both societies under study. However, it is difficult to imagine regulatory systems that would prevent these attitudes from being expressed. Rather, we argue that it is more important to focus on correcting the conditions that cause such attitudes to take hold within a society.
Open Access
La comunicación institucional de las universidades en redes sociales: estudio de la actividad y del engagement durante la crisis del COVID-19
(Universidad de Málaga, 2024-06-29) Losada Díaz, José Carlos; Capriotti, Paul; Pérez Escolar, Marta; Información y Documentación
Las redes sociales son una herramienta decisiva para proporcionar información útil en situaciones de crisis. Desde la pandemia de la COVID-19, las universidades utilizaron sus cuentas oficiales, en las diferentes plataformas sociales, para mantener informados a sus públicos estratégicos. El objetivo principal de este trabajo es examinar el nivel de actividad y de engagement que han generado los contenidos publicados por las universidades, en sus cuentas oficiales de Facebook y Twitter, sobre los temas vinculados con el coronavirus tras la irrupción de la pandemia de la COVID-19 en marzo de 2020. Para ello, se ha desarrollado un análisis de contenido del perfil institucional de n=70 universidades de referencia internacional (en Europa, USA y Latinoamérica), durante el año 2021, para medir el nivel de interacción que han generado dichos mensajes relacionados con la pandemia y compararlos con aquellos que no están relacionados con el virus. Los principales resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que no existen diferencias significativas entre las publicaciones relacionadas con la COVID-19 con aquellas que no tienen relación con el virus, en cuanto a los niveles de actividad y de engagement. ---------
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Fact checking skills and project-based learning about infodemic and disinformation
(2021-06-24) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Ordóñez Olmedo, Eva; Alcaide Pulido, Purificación; Comunicación; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
In today's high-information and high-communication society, university students are increasingly involved in autonomous and collaborative learning processes, which require active methodologies to facilitate the integration of social competencies. The objective of this study was to raise awareness of the risks of disinformation and infodemics and to identify the main social competencies and skills related to fact-checking that students should acquire. Based on thematic-experiential classes and through the project-based learning methodology, this teaching experience consisted of lecturing a fake class in the communication degree programme, in which the professor gave a speech to 150 students about coronavirus that contained both hoaxes and true information, thus challenging students to identify false information. The results obtained in this qualitative study are divided into three parts to answer each research question. The first part is focused on identifying the most influential hoaxes about the coronavirus that young people have embraced as reliable information during the 2020 pandemic (RQ1). The second part is dedicated to explaining students’ reactions when they are involved in infodemic contexts. We also point out the main challenge that arose in a period of infodemics (RQ2). In the third part, we propose the main fact-checking skills that students should acquire to tackle disinformation in a period of infodemics (RQ3). Training in these skills appeared to improve job performance and undoubtedly contributed to the personal development of our future graduates.
Open Access
Hate speech and polarization in participatory society
(Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2022) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Noguera-Vivo, José Manuel...et.al.; Comunicación; Pérez Escolar, Marta; Noguera-Vivo, José Manuel; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
This timely volume offers a comprehensive and rigorous overview of the role of communication in the construction of hate speech and polarization in the online and offline arena. Delving into the meanings, implications, contexts and effects of extreme speech and gated communities in the media landscape, the chapters analyse misleading metaphors and rhetoric via focused case studies to understand how we can overcome the risks and threats stemming from the past decade’s defining communicative phenomena. The book brings together an international team of experts, enabling a broad, multidisciplinary approach that examines hate speech, dislike, polarization and enclave deliberation as cross axes that influence offline and digital conversations. The diverse case studies herein offer insights into international news media, television drama and social media in a range of contexts, suggesting an academic frame of reference for examining this emerging phenomenon within the field of communication studies. Offering thoughtful and much-needed analysis, this collection will be of great interest to scholars and students working in communication studies, media studies, journalism, sociology, political science, political communication and cultural industries.
Open Access
A systematic literature review of the phenomenon of disinformation and misinformation
(Cogitatio Press, 2023-04-28) Pérez Escolar, Marta; Lilleker, Darren; Tapia‐Frade, Alejandro; Comunicación; Facultad de Comunicación y Documentación
Disinformation threatens the virtue of knowledge. The notion of truth becomes corrupted when citizens believe and give credibility to false, inaccurate, or misleading messages. This situation is particularly relevant in the digital age, where users of media platforms are exposed to different sorts of persuasive statements with uncertain origins and a lack of authenticity. How does academia understand the disinformation problem, and are we equipped to offer solutions? In response to this question, our study provides an overview of the general definitions, trends, patterns, and developments that represent the research on disinformation and misinformation. We conducted a systematic review of N = 756 publications covering eight years, 2014–2022. This period captures phenomena such as Trump’s emergence as a candidate for the US presidency, his term in office, as well as the leadership of figures such as Erdogan in Turkey, Bolsonaro in Brazil, Modi in India, and various similar populist and nationalist leaders across a range of democratic and semi‐democratic societies. This period is also one that witnessed the first global pandemic, when misinformation and disinformation not only threatened societal cohesion but the lives of people. This systematic review explores the critical terminology used, the areas of social life where disinformation is identified as problematic, the sources identified as creating or circulating this material, as well as the channels studied, the targets, and the persuasiveness of the discourse. What this article offers, then, is an overview of what we know about disinformation and what gaps in research should be pursued. We conclude that given the problems that misinformation and disinformation are seen to cause for democratic societies, we need to assess the contribution of social science in providing a foundation for scientific knowledge.