Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael

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Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael

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Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael

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Universidad de Murcia. Departamento de Enfermería

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Open Access
Factors contributing to the perpetuation and eradication of female genital mutilation/cutting in sub-Saharan women living in Spain
(Elsevier, 2021-11-21) Pastor Bravo, María del Mar; Almansa-Martínez, Pilar; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; Enfermería; Facultad de Enfermería
Objective: Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM/C) is one of the most widespread traditional practices harmful to the health of women and girls in the world. Its spread to the West highlights the need to establish preventive actions in European countries taking into account the affected population. That is why this study is aimed at finding out the elements that support the continuation of FGM/C and those that promote the change of attitudes and fight against FGM / C from the perspective of the sub-Saharan women themselves who reside in Spain. Design: Qualitative exploratory research that uses the method of life stories through an open interview. Participants and Setting: The participants were 24 women living in the Region of Murcia (Spain) who come from sub-Saharan countries where FGM/C is commonly practised. Findings: Arguments supporting FGM/C, the lack of knowledge and family pressure are identified as factors that perpetuate the practice, whereas the motivating factors for the change in attitudes that make most of the interviewees oppose FGM/C are the awareness of the consequences on health and close negative experiences, growing awareness of their rights, supportive legislation and breaking the taboo related to this practice to question justifications for FGM / C and share experiences. Key conclusion and implications for practice: Being aware of the arguments of both sides, women who defend FGM/C and those who oppose it, is a valuable source of information that obstetrics, midwifery and nursing professionals can use. The study provides the core elements that any healthcare education program should incorporate to prevent female genital mutilation/circumcision.
Open Access
Job satisfaction among midwives in high-intervention birthing rooms: a qualitative phenomenological study
(MDPI, 2025-06-02) Pérez-Castejón, Marta; Molina Rodríguez, Alonso; Martínez Alarcón, Laura; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; Enfermería; Facultad de Enfermería
Objectives: To identify the factors influencing the job satisfaction of midwives working in birthing rooms with a medium to high level of obstetric intervention. Methods: A qualitative phenomenological–hermeneutic design based on Heideggerian philosophy was implemented. A study involving 25 participants, midwives, and resident nurses (RINs) was conducted. Residents were included to enrich the analysis with their critical perspectives with regard to interventional procedures and exposure to acts of obstetric violence. Convenience sampling was used. Data were collected from four focus groups in three hospitals in the region and one in-depth interview between 30 September 2022 and 23 June 2023. The testimonies were recorded and transcribed verbatim, and data analysis was carried out using an inductive–deductive approach. The triangulation of data and researchers was used to minimise potential bias. Results: The participants highlighted the following key dimensions or areas that contribute to midwives’ job satisfaction in the labour and birthing room: maternal satisfaction, professional competencies, multidisciplinary team, working conditions, and interventions during childbirth. Conclusions: These findings may inform healthcare management strategies to reduce burnout and improve working conditions in maternity care settings.
Open Access
Technology-Facilitated Online Sexual Violence, Consent Negotiation, and Coping Among AdultWomen: A Qualitative Study
(MDPI, 2026-03-27) Martínez Díaz, Azucena; López Barranco, Pedro José; Guillén Martínez, Ascensión; Pérez Franco, Isabel María; Leal Costa, César; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; Cayuela Fuentes, Pedro Simón; Segura López, Gabriel; Enfermería
Background/Objectives: Online sexual violence is an increasingly prevalent form of genderbased harm facilitated by digital technologies, with significant consequences for the health, well-being, and rights of adult women. Despite growing attention to this phenomenon, women’s lived experiences remain underexplored, particularly regarding sexual consent and institutional responses. This study aimed to examine how adult women experience online sexual violence, how consent is negotiated or constrained in digital contexts, and how coping and institutional mechanisms are perceived. Methods: A qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was conducted. Data were collected through three focus groups with 23 women aged 21 to 42 years who were active users of social media. Results: Participants reported diverse forms of online sexual violence, including unsolicited sexual messages and images, persistent harassment, coercion, blackmail, and threats. Sexual consent was often undermined by emotional manipulation, social pressure, and fear, placing women in vulnerable positions. These experiences negatively affected well-being, contributing to anxiety, reduced self-esteem, fear, and difficulties in sexual and emotional relationships. Coping strategies were mainly individual, such as blocking perpetrators or reporting content, while social support was frequently perceived as insufficient. A generalized distrust of institutional responses emerged, with formal mechanisms viewed as ineffective or inaccessible. Conclusions: For the study participants, online sexual violence is increasingly normalized and concealed within digital environments, reinforced by anonymity and impunity. The findings highlight the need for continued research and the development of interventions that include early sexual and emotional education, awareness-raising initiatives, digital regulation, specialized professional training, and the strengthening of victim-centered support networks.
Open Access
Social determinants of health influence on trans and gender-diverse people: a qualitative photovoice study
(MDPI, 2026-02-11) Marín-Rodríguez, María; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; Jiménez Barbero, José Antonio; Sánchez-Muñoz, María; Pastor Bravo, María del Mar; García Hernández, Miguel; Enfermería; Facultad de Enfermería
Despite the introduction of inclusive and gender-affirming approaches in healthcare, transgender and non-binary people continue to show poorer physical, psychological, and social outcomes, shaped by social determinants within historically pathologizing and stigmatizing contexts. This study used qualitative participatory action research with photovoice among seven transgender individuals residing in Murcia, Spain; data were generated through semi-structured interviews and focus group dialogue, applying the SHOWED technique to the visual and discursive narratives of the participants, and analyzed with Atlas.ti v8. Educational, employment, and healthcare contexts significantly condition well-being. Well-being was determined by the circumstances and support in which gender identity is constructed, within sociocultural environments marked by gender stereotypes, exclusion from social spaces, and fears regarding the irreversibility of certain transition steps. Reported lifetime negative events, social barriers, exclusion, and persistent questioning of identity were associated with increased anxiety, depressive symptoms, and insomnia. At the same time, the relevance of resilience and support networks also emerged during the sessions. Replicating photovoice in diverse settings may help identify social and territorial inequities and inform improvements in clinical practice, healthcare education, public policies, and legislation for transgender and gender-nonconforming people.
Open Access
Violence against women on social networks: a descriptive analysis
(MDPI, 2025-10-14) lópez-Yepes, Samara; Conesa Ferrer, María Belén; Beladiez-Pérez, María del Mar; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; López Barranco, Pedro José; Cayuela Fuentes, Pedro Simón; Enfermería
Objectives: This study aimed to identify the prevalence of gender-based violence experienced through social networks among adult women in Spain. Specific objectives included describing in-person sexual violence within the context of GBV and analyzing the relationship between GBV experienced on social networks and in-person sexual violence. Methods: This observational, cross-sectional, and correlational study surveyed 1177 adult women aged 18–59 years. Data were collected through validated instruments, including the Cyber Dating Abuse Questionnaire, Online Sexual Victimization Scale, and Dating Violence Questionnaire. Statistical analyses, including the Mann–Whitney U test, Kruskal–Wallis test, and Spearman’s Rho, were used to examine violence as a function of sociodemographic variables, social network usage, and pornography consumption. Results: Of participants, 68.2% reported experiencing GBV on social networks, 62.7% reported online sexual violence, and 66.0% reported in-person sexual violence. Gender-based violence was significantly correlated with online sexual violence (r = 0.390, p < 0.001) and in-person sexual violence (r = 0.463, p < 0.001). Women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds reported higher victimization rates for all forms of violence analyzed (p < 0.05). Increased daily social network usage and pornography consumption were associated with higher victimization rates (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Gender-based violence on social networks is pervasive among adult women in Spain and is closely linked to in-person sexual violence. Socioeconomic factors, time spent on social networks, and pornography consumption were key predictors of victimization. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions addressing online violence to mitigate gender-based violence in broader contexts.
Open Access
Job satisfaction in midwives working in labour ward: a systematic review with meta-analysis
(Elsevier, 2024-07-19) Pérez Castejón, Marta; Suárez Cortés, María; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; Jiménez Barbero, José Antonio; Enfermería; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de Enfermería
Abstract Problem: There is little documented evidence of job satisfaction in midwives who work in birthing rooms. Background: Job satisfaction in midwives who work in birthing rooms may have changed in recent decades due to the medicalization of maternal health. Aim: To analyse job satisfaction levels among midwives working in birthing rooms. Methods: We searched Web of Science, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, CUIDEN and CINAHL for observational and mixed method studies. The literature search was carried out from September to October 2022. Findings: A total of 13 studies were included in the systematic review. A meta-analysis of the variable "midwives' job satisfaction" was performed on 12 of the studies. Midwives rated their job satisfaction positively: DME, CI (95%) = 1.24 [0.78, 1.69]. Subgroup 1: DME, CI (95%) = 2.41 [2.05, 2.76]); Subgroup 2: DME, CI (95%) = 0.76 [0.65, 0.86]; subgroup 3: DME, CI (95%) = 1.11 [0.95, 1.27]; subgroup 4: DME, CI (95%) = 0.10 [-0.11, 0.31]. Discussion: Although midwives show high levels of satisfaction, the heterogeneity of instruments, lack of specificity and limited number of studies found restrict the outcomes. Conclusion: There are no specific measurement instruments for assessing job satisfaction among midwives working in labour wards, so it is possible that these data do not correspond to reality as they do not take into account specific professional aspects within this field of practice.
Open Access
Construction and validation of the “labour ward job satisfaction scale for midwives (LWJSS-M)” in Spain
(BioMed Central, 2025-10-14) Pérez Castejón, Marta; Martínez Alarcón, Laura; Leal Costa, César; Suárez Cortés, María; Vera Pérez, José Antonio; Jiménez Ruiz, Ismael; Enfermería
Background Midwives’ job satisfaction is essential to ensuring high quality obstetric care and promoting the well-being of both women and healthcare professionals. However, the medicalised model of childbirth and role conflicts within multidisciplinary teams reduce job satisfaction and increase burnout, leading to high rates of staff turnover. There is therefore a need to develop a comprehensive tool to assess the job satisfaction of midwives working in birthing rooms. Thus, the aim of this study is to develop and validate the following scale: Satisfacción Laboral en Paritorio para Matronas (SLP-M) [Job Satisfaction of Midwives in the Birthing Room]. Methods A two-phase instrumental study was conducted. Firstly, to develop the new instrument a systematic review with meta-analysis and a phenomenological qualitative study were carried out. An expert content validation and the content validity index were conducted. For the validation, psychometric properties of the scale were analysed: item performance, reliability, evidence of validity and its internal structure. Non-probabilistic sampling was used with a minimum of 10 participants per item. They were midwives involved in childbirth areas and were recruited via online. Results A total of 476 complete responses were recorded, with the scale achieving an overall McDonald’s omega of 0,937. Following confirmatory factor analysis, two items with factor loadings below 0.30 were eliminated and the five-dimension model was selected as a good fit, among which are: professional skills in supporting the childbirth process; functional multidisciplinary team; intraprofessional relationships and cooperation; satisfaction with antenatal education and working conditions/determinants of job satisfaction. Conclusion The SLP-M consists of 37 items with good internal consistency, grouped into five dimensions. This approach is designed to ensure the continued viability of the midwifery profession and the quality of care provided.