Revista de Contabilidad - Spanish Accounting Review 2018, V. 21 N. 2
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- PublicationOpen AccessEnvironmental performance concerns in Latin America: Determinant factors and multivariate analysis(2018) Gallego-Álvarez, Isabel; García-Rubio, Raquel; Martínez-Ferrero, JenniferThere is now a great concern for environmental problems and countries around the world are trying to take steps to foster economic growth without compromising future generations. In this research, we use indicators proposed in the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) based on two essential issues related to sustainable development: (i) environmental stresses on human health; (ii) protecting ecosystems and natural resources. The objective of this research focuses on analysing the EPI and the variables that can influence it. This is important because of the potential repercussions at the macroeconomic level, for example the influence it may have on the valuation of certain agents in assessing the policies of a certain country, as well as at the microeconomic level due to its relationship with other types of indexes that can be related directly to the company’s valuation and the effect on investment. We conducted multivariate analysis using the HJ-Biplot method to contextualize the countries grouped by geographic area and the variables related to the environmental indicators included in the EPI. The sample comprised 24 countries in Latin America. The findings obtained from the empirical analysis point to socioeconomic factors, such as education, determining factors of environmental performance in the countries analyzed. In addition, political ideology influences environmental performance when analysing the environmental health of the countries. Size also positively influences the EPI. From the biplot analysis, we also find that the variables for environmental health are more closely related to the countries located in the geographic area of the Caribbean (Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago). Other variables associated with ecosystem vitality, such as air pollution (effects on nature), are more closely related to Mesoamerica (Costa Rica, Honduras and Panama, among other countries). Countries in South America, however, are shown to be more concerned about climate change; these countries include Argentina, Chile and Brazi
- PublicationOpen AccessTowards convergence of government financial statistics and accounting in Europe at central and local levels(2018) Dasí González, Rosa María; Montesinos Julve, Vicente; Vela Bargues, José ManuelThe main aim of this paper is to study the convergence between micro and macro systems of govern- ment accounting information, looking to contribute to the analysis of accounting harmonization process in the EU, as a tool to improve the comparability of financial, budgetary, and aggregated statistical reports, in order to improve social, political and economic decision-making and accountability. All this is obviously located in the current context of the EU, with a high degree of harmonization of accounting standards between the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS), and those applied for the preparation of national accounts, ruled by European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010). We have carried out different analytical methodologies to study the convergence of public accounting systems in the EU for 2014 and 2015, considering that the new European System of National Accounts came in force since September 2014. First, for each country, we calculate a global index and partial indexes for central and local governments. Secondly, we apply an alternative model based on the distance between the adjustments of each country and the extreme situation, that would imply null adjustments. As a supplementary, we focus on the relative weight of adjustments by country and for each level of government. The study concludes, among other findings, that the importance of adjustments differs between countries and areas of government. Adjustments connected to recognition criteria (accrual or others), particularly significant from the point of view of the approach to GAAP, rank first in importance at the central government level, but are less significant at the local level.
- PublicationOpen AccessThe macroeconomic determinants of the adoption of IFRS for SMEs(2018) Bonito, Ana; Páis, ClaudioSmall and medium-sized entities (SMEs) represent more than 95% of companies worldwide and account for more than 65% of employment. As a move towards SME harmonization, in 2009 the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for SMEs. Due to the lack of studies on adoption of IFRS for SMEs, we analyze the relationship between macroeconomic factors and countries’ decision to adopt IFRS for SMEs. Based on a sample of 84 adopters and non-adopters of IFRS for SMEs, both developed and developing countries, we find evidence that countries without a national set of financial accounting standards for SMEs, with experience of applying IFRS and a common law legal system are more likely to adopt IFRS for SMEs. These results may be due to low transaction costs, the importance of having some knowledge of IFRS reporting given its complexity and belonging to IFRS based countries facilitating adoption of IFRS for SMEs. Additionally, we find that European Union (EU) member countries are less likely to adopt the standard. Knowledge of macroeco- nomic factors affecting the decision to adopt IFRS for SMEs is useful for the various entities that define international accounting harmonization, such as the IASB, regulators and international accounting firms, since this information can help them to promote worldwide adoption of the standard.
- PublicationOpen AccessInstitutional capacity in the accounting reform process in Spanish local governments(2018) Fresneda Fuentes, Silvia; Hernández Borreguero, JuliánIn 2015, Spanish local governments began to apply a new accounting standard. The success achieved in its implementation is related with stimuli from outside the organization and with the institutional capacity – administrative and political – developed by it. Through an electronic questionnaire and several interviews carried out with municipal chief financial officers it has been shown that few actions to build the necessary institutional capacity were undertaken in the period prior to its implementation. The results show that the LGs did not attain the necessary institutional capacity and will have to continue allocating resources and time to improve it.
- PublicationOpen AccessMotivation and learning strategies in accounting: Are there differences in English as a medium of instruction (EMI) versus non-EMI students?(2018) Rivero-Menéndez, M. José; Urquía-Grande, Elena; López-Sánchez, Pilar; Camacho-Miñano, M. MarThe objective of this paper is twofold: firstly, to analyse if there are differences between students’ motiva- tion and their learning strategies when they study accounting subjects in Spanish or English as a medium of instruction. Secondly, to evidence the factors that mainly influence students’ total motivation. The Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ) was carried out on a sample of 368 undergrad- uate students of a Business Administration Degree, in several accounting subjects taught in English and in Spanish. Multivariate statistical tests were run and interesting results have been found. Students who study a degree in English have more mature learning strategies and motivation than their counterparts. This is shown in their level of self-confidence, time study management and perseverance.