Browsing by Subject "Esterification"
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- PublicationOpen AccessBiocatalytic synthesis of panthenyl monoacyl esters in ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents(Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019-05-21) Álvarez, Elena; Bernal, Juana M.; Donaire González, Antonio; Villa Aroca, Rocío; Lozano Rodríguez, Pedro; Nieto Cerón, Susana; Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e InmunologíaThe enzymatic synthesis of six panthenyl monoacyl esters (PMEs) was carried out by the direct esterification of fatty acids (i.e. capric, lauric, myristic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids, respectively) with panthenol in different ionic liquids (ILs) based on cations with a long alkyl side-chain (e.g. 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C12mim][BF4], etc.). All the assayed ILs were seen to be suitable reaction media for Novozym 435-catalyzed synthesis of PMEs (i.e. up to 90% conversion and 100% selectivity), enabling easy recovery and the reuse of both biocatalyst and IL. Alternatively, mixtures of panthenol with free fatty acids were seen to act as deep eutectic solvents (DES), that were excellent reaction media for the biocatalytic synthesis of PMEs (i.e. up to 83% conversion and 98% selectivity in the case of the panthenyl monolaurate), the enzymatic activity remaining unchanged for seven consecutive cycles of reuse. The enzymatic synthesis of PMEs by direct esterification using the DES approach can be considered as a clean and useful process for the sustainable industrial scaling up of panthenyl acyl ester production.
- PublicationOpen AccessBiocatalytic synthesis of polymeric esters used as emulsifiers(Croatian Society of Chemical Engineers, 2019) Ortega Requena, Salvadora; Serrano-Arnaldos, M.; Montiel Morte, María Claudia; Máximo, María Fuensanta; Bastida Rodríguez, Josefa; Murcia Almagro, María Dolores; Ingeniería QuímicaPolyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) is a polymeric ester widely used as emulsifier in the food industry. In this work, PGPR biocatalytic synthesis was carried out in a onestep solvent-free enzymatic process using lipase CALB immobilized in Lewatit® Monoplus MP 64 by adsorption. The optimal immobilization conditions were determined: initial enzyme concentration of 13 mg of Lowry protein per mL phosphate buffer pH 7, and ricinoleic acid as a support activator. An immobilized derivative with 35.93 ± 4.90 mg of Lowry protein per g of dry support was obtained. It was used as a catalyst for PGPR production in open air and vacuum batch reactors, and the results obtained showed that only when the reaction equilibrium was shifted towards ester production by means of water removal, the PGPR produced fulfilled the European legislation (acid value ≤ 6 mg of KOH per g of product).
- PublicationOpen AccessGreen Production of a High-Value Branched-Chain Diester: Optimization Based on Operating Conditions and Economic and Sustainability Criteria(MDPI, 2023-05-18) Montiel, C.; Gimeno-Martos, S.; Ortega Requena, Salvadora; Serrano-Arnaldos, M.; Máximo, F.; Bastida, J.; Ingeniería QuímicaFeatured Application: In the last years, consumers’ and administrations’ demand for more sustainable products and processes has been increasing. This work develops a new sustainable way to obtain a branched ester for cosmetic applications (neopentylglycol dilaurate) and demonstrates that this new production route can be economically competitive. Branched-chain esters (BCEs) have found a large number of applications in cosmetics. Among them, neopentyl glycol dilaurate (NPGDL) stands out as an emollient, emulsifier, and skin-conditioning agent. This work presents the synthesis of NPGDL in a solvent-free medium using the two most common immobilized lipases: Novozym® 40086 (Rml) and Novozym® 435 (CalB). Results proved that the former biocatalyst has lower activity and certain temperature deactivation, although conversions ≥ 90% were obtained at 60 °C and 7.5% of catalyst. On the other hand, optimal reaction conditions for Novozym® 435 are 3.75% w/w of the immobilized derivative at 80 °C. Under optimal conditions, the process productivities were 0.105 and 0.169 kg NPGDL/L h, respectively. In order to select the best conditions for NPGDL production, studies on the reuse of the derivative and cost estimation have been performed. Economic study shows that biocatalytic processes can be competitive when lipases are reused for five cycles, yielding biocatalyst productivities of 56 and 122 kg NPGDL/kg biocatalyst using Novozym® 40086 and Novozym® 435, respectively. The final choice will be based on both economic and sustainability criteria. Green metric values using both biocatalysts are similar but the product obtained using Novozym® 40086 is 20% cheaper, making this alternative the best option.
- PublicationOpen AccessHighly selective biocatalytic synthesis of monoacylglycerides in sponge-like ionic liquids(RSC, 2017) Gómez, Celia; Sánchez-Gómez, Gregorio; García-Verdugo, Eduardo; Luis, Santiago V.; Lozano Rodríguez, Pedro; Nieto Cerón, Susana; Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e InmunologíaThe biocatalytic synthesis of monoacylglycerides (MAGs) was carried out by the direct esterification of fatty acids (i.e. oleic, palmitic, myristic and lauric acids, respectively) with glycerol in different ionic liquids (ILs) based on cations with long alkyl side-chains (i.e. 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C16mim][NTf2], 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [C12mim][BF4]). Although all ILs have been shown as suitable reaction media for Novozym 435-catalyzed esterification of glycerol with free fatty acid, a highly selective selectivity of MAGs was only observed for the [C12mim][BF4] case (i.e up to 99% selectivity and yield for the monolaurin case). Furthermore, as these ILs are temperature switchable ionic liquid/solid phases that behave as sponge-like system, a straightforward protocol for IL-free MSGs recovery, based on iterative centrifugations at controlled temperature, has been developed.
- PublicationOpen AccessUnderstanding the enzymatic synthesis of a new biolubricant: decane-1,10-diyl bis(2-methylpentanoate)(MDPI, 2024-12-26) Ortega Requena, Salvadora; Máximo, María Fuensanta; Montiel Morte, María Claudia; Gómez Gómez, María; Murcia Almagro, María Dolores; Bastida Rodríguez, Josefa; Ingeniería Química; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de QuímicaThe value of branched esters comes from the special properties they have in cold environments, which allow them to remain liquid over a wide range of temperatures. These properties make them useful for application in the cosmetic industry or as lubricant additives. This paper presents the studies carried out to ascertain the operational feasibility of the enzymatic esterification of 2-methylpentanoic acid (MPA) with 1,10-decanediol (DD), with the objective of obtaining a novel molecule: decane-1,10-diyl bis(2-methylpentanoate) (DDBMP). The enzymatic reaction is conducted in a thermostated batch reactor, utilizing the commercially available immobilized lipase Lipozyme® 435 in a solvent-free medium. The reaction conversion is determined by an acid number determination and a gas chromatographic analysis. The most optimal result is achieved at a temperature of 80 °C, a biocatalyst concentration of 2.5% (w/w), and a non-stoichiometric substrate relation. A preliminary economic study and the calculation of Green Metrics has established that the operation with a 30% molar excess of acid is the best option to obtain a product with 92.6% purity at a lower cost than the other options and in accordance with the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry. The synthetized diester has a viscosity index of 210, indicating that this new molecule can be used as a biolubricant at extreme temperatures.