Browsing by Subject "Acetylcholinesterase"
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- PublicationOpen AccessAcetylcholinesterase-positive afferent axons in mucosa of urinary bladder of adult cats: retrograde tracing and degeneration studies(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1995) wakabayashi, Y.; Kojima, Y.; Makiura, Y.; Tomoyoshi, T.; Maeda, T.Acetylcholinesterase (AchE)-positive afferent axons in the mucosa of the cat urinary bladder were examined in the present experiments. Smallsized dorsal root ganglion cells containing AchE enzyme activity were labelled by injection of retrograde tracer (wheat germ agglutinin conjugated to enzymatically inactive horseradish peroxidase gold complex) into the bladder mucosa of adult cats. Results show that 48.9% (901184) of the labelled ganglion cells possessed AchE enzyme activity. Following unilateral dorsal root ganglionectomy (L2-5, S 1-3), a total of 6619 unmyelinated axon terminals were examined in the bladder mucosa, including 691 degenerating axon terminals. Percentages (8.6- 16.1 %) of degenerating axon terminals in the ganglionectomized animals (1, 2, 3, 10 and 21 days post-operated) were significantly higher than those of controls (3.1%) and the 60-day post-operated animals (3.2%). Approximately onehalf (47.9%) of the degenerating axon terminals observed in the 1-21 day post-operated animals were AchE-positive. Further examination also disclosed that the population of the intact (not affected by ganglionectomy) AchE-positive axon terminals at 60 days (59.3%) was significantly greater than that of controls (45.6%). The AchE-positive terminals containing few synaptic vesicles were significantly increased in number in the 60 day post-operated cats. In conclusion the present study demonstrates that one half of afferent axons in the mucosa were AchE-positive. The increase in AchE-positive afferent axon terminals containing few synaptic vesicles may be derived from contralateral dorsal root ganglia resulting from sprouting following dorsal root ganglionectomy.
- PublicationOpen AccessAcetylcholinesterase-positive and paraformaldehyde-induced-fluorescence-positive innervation in the upper eyelid of the sheep (Ovis aries)(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2001) Aisa, J.; Lahoz, M.; Serrano, P.; Perez-Castejon, M.C.; Junquera, C.; Martínez Ciriano, M.C.; Pes, N.; Vera Gil, A.This is the first study which describes the innervation of some eyelid structures, such as the glands of Moll and the glands of Zeiss. It is also the first to investigate the innervation pattern of the eyelid as a whole. We have studied the acetylcholinesterase-positive and paraformaldehyde-induced-fluorescence-positive (FIF+) innervation pattern of the different structures that constitute the upper eyelid of the sheep. There is widespread acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation in the epithelium, but not such an abundant FIF+ innervation. Both types of innervation are represented in the connective tissue by trunks or fibers that are distributed towards the different structures immersed within them. In the glands of Zeiss, cholinesterasepositive innervation is much more widespread than FIF innervation. On the contrary, the glands of Moll present denser FIF+ innervation than acetylcholinesterasepositive innervation. The Meibomian glands and the lachrymal glands show a rich acetylcholinesterasepositive and FIF+ innervation. Eyelid muscle innervation is mainly acetylcholinesterase-positive. In the conjunctive membrane there is no acetylcholinesterase-positive innervation, and only scarce FIF+ fibers can be demonstrated.
- PublicationOpen AccessChanges in serum biomarkers of inflammation in bovine besnoitiosis(2021-09-22) González Barrio, David; Huertas López, Ana; Diezma Díaz, Carlos; Ferre, Ignacio; Cerón Madrigal, José Joaquín; Ortega Mora, Luis Miguel; Álvarez García, Gema; Medicina y Cirugía Animal
- PublicationOpen AccessCurrent review on inducible nitric oxide synthase and Src tyrosine kinase inhibitors as disease-modifiers in preclinical models of epilepsy(2026) Thimmasettappa Thippeswamy; Suraj Sundara Vasanthi; Biología Celular e Histología; Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e HistiologiaAcute exposure to seizurogenic chemicals, such as organophosphates (OPs) or domoic acid (kainate analogue), can trigger status epilepticus (SE), marked by central (seizures) and, with OPs, peripheral effects due to irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The initial seizurogenic activity in the brain initiates a cascade of molecular and cellular changes, known as epileptogenesis, the process by which epilepsy develops. Among the several signaling pathways involved in epileptogenesis, this review discusses the roles of the Src family of tyrosine kinases (SFK), especially Fyn kinase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated mechanisms. Both signaling molecules are upregulated following initial seizures and persist for a long time, contributing to neuroinflammation, elevated levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS), and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as neuro degeneration and spontaneously recurring seizures. Epilepsy is a progressive disease associated with unprovoked seizures and cognitive decline. While the current standard of care can alleviate symptoms and reduce mortality, they do not address long-term neurological consequences. In this review, we discuss preclinical testing of two CNS-targeted drugs, iNOS and SFK inhibitors 1400W and Saracatinib (SAR; AZD0530), respectively, as potential disease-modifiers.
- PublicationOpen AccessHistopathology, microbiology and the inflammatory process associated with Sarcoptes scabiei infection in the Iberian ibex, Capra pyrenaica(Springer Nature, 2017-12-04) Espinosa, José; Ráez-Bravo, Arián; López-Olvera, Jorge R.; Pérez, Jesús M.; Lavín, Santiago; Tvarijonaviciute, Asta; Cano-Manuel, Francisco J.; Fandos, Paulino; Soriguer, Ramón C.; Granados, José Enrique; Romero García, Diego; Velarde, Roser; Ciencias SociosanitariasBackground: Sarcoptic mange has been identified as the most significant infectious disease affecting the Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Despite several studies on the effects of mange on ibex, the pathological and clinical picture derived from sarcoptic mange infestation is still poorly understood. To further knowledge of sarcoptic mange pathology, samples from ibex were evaluated from histological, microbiological and serological perspectives. Methods: Samples of skin, non-dermal tissues and blood were collected from 54 ibex (25 experimentally infected, 15 naturally infected and 14 healthy). Skin biopsies were examined at different stages of the disease for quantitative cellular, structural and vascular changes. Sixteen different non-dermal tissues of each ibex were taken for histological study. Acetylcholinesterase and serum amyloid A protein levels were evaluated from blood samples from ibex with different lesional grade. Samples of mangy skin, suppurative lesions and internal organs were characterized microbiologically by culture. Bacterial colonies were identified by a desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry system (MALDI TOF/TOF). Results: The histological study of the skin lesions revealed serious acanthosis, hyperkeratosis, rete ridges, spongiotic oedema, serocellular and eosinophilic crusts, exocytosis foci, apoptotic cells and sebaceous gland hyperplasia. The cellular response in the dermis was consistent with type I and type IV hypersensitivity responses. The most prominent histological findings in non-dermal tissues were lymphoid hyperplasia, leukocytosis, congestion and the presence of amyloid deposits. The increase in serum concentrations of acetylcholinesterase and amyloid A protein correlated positively with the establishment of the inflammatory response in mangy skin and the presence of systemic amyloidosis. A wide variety of bacterial agents were isolated and the simultaneous presence of these in mangy skin, lymph nodes and internal organs such as lungs, liver, spleen and kidney was compatible with a septicaemic pattern of infection. Conclusions: The alteration of biomarkers of inflammation and its implication in the pathogenesis of the disease and development of lesions in non-dermal tissues and septicaemic processes are serious conditioners for the survival of the mangy ibex. This severe clinical picture could be an important factor when considering the decision to eliminate animals that exceed a certain disease threshold from a population.
- PublicationRestrictedMeasurement of p-nitrophenyl acetate esterase activity (EA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant status (TOS) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in gills and digestive gland of Mytilus galloprovincialis exposed to binary mixtures of Pb, Cd and Cu(Springer, 2016-10-01) Franco-Martínez, Lorena; Romero, Diego; García-Navarro, José A.; Tecles, Fernando; Teles, Mariana; Tvarijonaviciute, Asta; Ciencias SociosanitariasThe aims of the present work were (1) to evaluate oxidative stress biomarkers and AChE in two tissues of wild mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) of high biochemical activity and accumulation capacity (gills and digestive gland) and (2) to study the behaviour of these biomarkers in presence of heavy metals. For this, EA, TOS, TAC and AChE were measured in tissues of mussels exposed to binary combination of Pb, Cd and Cu. Mussels (n = 36) were exposed to one of the binary mixtures of Pb (1000 [mu]g L-1), Cd (100 [mu]g L-1) and Cu (100 [mu]g L-1) for 7 days, under controlled conditions. Gills and digestive gland were extracted and frozen at -80 °C until analysis. The automatic methods employed for the measurement of EA, TAC, TOS and AChE in M. galloprovincialis revealed higher levels of these biomarkers in digestive gland than gills. Study results suggest that gills would be the tissue of election for study oxidative stress markers, whereas digestive tissue should be selected for AChE measurements in case of evaluation of combined metal toxicity in mussels.
PublicationRestrictedMuscular dystrophy by merosin deficiency decreases acetylcholinesterase activity in thymus of Lama2dy mice(WILEY, 2005-08-31) Vidal Moreno, Cecilio Jesús; Nieto Cerón, Susana; Campoy Menéndez, Francisco Javier; Muñoz Delgado, Encarnación; Sánchez del Campo Ferrer, Luis; Bioquímica y Biología Molecular AHalf of congenital muscular dystrophy cases arise from laminin alpha 2 (merosin) deficiency, and merosin-deficient mice (Lama2dy) exhibit a dystrophic phenotype. The abnormal development of thymus in Lama2dy mice, the occurrence of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the gland and the impaired distribution of AChE molecules in skeletal muscle of the mouse mutant prompted us to compare the levels of AChE mRNAs and enzyme species in thymus of control and Lama2dy mice. AChE activity in normal thymus (mean +/- SD 1.42 +/- 0.28 mu mol acetylthiocholine/h/mg protein, U/mg) was decreased by similar to 50% in dystrophic thymus (0.77 +/- 0.23 U/mg) (p = 0.007), whereas butyrylcholinesterase activity was little affected. RT-PCR assays revealed variable levels of R, H and T AChE mRNAs in thymus, bone marrow and spinal cord. Control thymus contained amphiphilic AChE dimers (G(2)(A), 64%) and monomers (G(1)(A), 19%), as well as hydrophilic tetramers (G(4)(H), 9%) and monomers (G(1)(H), 8%). The dimers consisted of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored H subunits. Western blot assays with anti-AChE antibodies suggested the occurrence of inactive AChE in mouse thymus. Despite the decrease in AChE activity in Lama2dy thymus, no differences between thymuses from control and dystrophic mice were observed in the distribution of AChE forms, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C sensitivity, binding to lectins and size of AChE subunits.- PublicationOpen AccessNeurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurotrophin receptors in the gut of pantex, a hybrid sparid fish (Pagrus major x Dentex dentex). Localizations in the enteric nervous and endocrine systems(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2001) Radaelli, G.; Domeneghini, C.; Arrighi, S.; Castaldo, L.; Lucini, C.The gut of Pantex, a sparid hybrid fish (Pagrus major x Dentex dentex) with a great potential importance for the Italian aquaculture, was histochemically and immunohistochemically investigated in order to evidence components of the intramural nervous and diffuse endocrine systems. The general structural aspects of the intramural nervous system were shown by the Nissl-thionin staining. As in most other fish, it was only organized in the myenteric plexus. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was observed in both nerve cell bodies and terminals al1 along the gut. The NADPH-diaphorase reactivity too, possibly linked to the synthesis and release of nitric oxide, was present in nerve cell bodies and nerve terminals of the oesophagus, stomach and intestine. In addition, the intramural nervous system was shown to contain Trk (tyrosinekinase) receptors for neurotrophin, as evidenced by Trk A-, Trk B- and Trk C-like immunoreactivities, thus suggesting an involvement of neurotrophin in the function of this system. Trk B- and Trk C-like immunoreactivities were detected in epithelial endocrine cells, too. The additional presence of serotonin- and metenkephalin- like immunoreactivities in numerous endocrine cells in the epithelial layers of the stomach and intestine was showed.