Anales de psicología Vol. 40, Nº 1 (2024)

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Open Access
Mobile phone addiction and social anxiety among Chinese adolescents:Mediating role of interpersonal problems
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Wei, Junxiang; Dang, Jingping; Mi, Yang; Zhou, Min
Objectives:Mobile phone addiction (MPA) has frequently report-ed to be correlated with psychological disorders such as depression, stress and anxiety among young population. However, the extent to which these factors are correlated with MPA and the potential mechanism underlying those relationships are conclusive. This study aimed to investigate the as-sociation between MPA level and social anxiety among Chinese adolescents, and examined the mediation effect of interpersonal problems between them. Methods: A sample of 1027 school-based students selected by a stratified-cluster random sampling method responded to questionnaires regarding MPA Index, Social Interaction Anxiousness Scale, Interpersonal Problems Inventory, and demographic variables. Spearman correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to investigate the extent of the association between MPA and social anxiety, and Sobel test and bootstrapping sampling confirmed the mediating role ofinterpersonal problems.Results: Of all students in our study, 5.9% were MPA, and MPA score was positively correlated with social anxiety after controlled for de-mographic variables in the adjusted model. Multiple mediation regression analysis revealed that the interpersonal problem was a significant partial mediator between MPA and social anxiety. Conclusion:The MPA adolescents were a subgroup population who need to pay more attention to prevent social anxiety. Improving interpersonal problems might be aneffec-tive approach to deal with MPA-induced social anxiety in adolescents.
Open Access
Back to school after the pandemic: Adjustment of Spanish children and adolescents
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Orgilés, Mireia; Serrano-Ortiz, Marina; Espada, José Pedro; Morales, Alexandra
Aiming to mitigate the COVID-19 spread, the government of Spain applied restrictive measures, like schools’ closure. Although the effects of the pandemic on children's emotional well-being have been studied, there is a lack of studies examining school adjustment following the pandemic and the role that the infection has played in the adjustment process. The objective is to analyze the relationship between stressful events related to school experienced by children and their adjustment to school after the home confinement, including anxiety as a mediator variable. Participants were the parentsof 219 Spanish children and adolescents aged 3 and 18 years who completed a survey about their children’s anxiety (Spanish Brief Child Version of the Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale), the stressful events experienced related to school (Stressful Events related to Pandemic Inventory), and the adjustment to school (Adjustment of Children after Pandemic School Closure Scale). Results showed that social distance was the most reported stressful event (87%). Having COVID-19 and expe-riencing bullying were directly related to a high level of anxiety. Children ́s who decreased social contact and experienced bullying showed a worse adjustment to school. Anxiety was an indirect mediator of this relationship. Findings highlight the importance of supervising school adaptation and promoting strategies to prevent emotional problems when the youths are exposed to stressful situations.
Open Access
El ajuste psicológico de los niños, niñas y adolescentes en acogimiento residencial con Familias Colaboradoras: Una evaluación multi-informante
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Molano, Nuria; Espinosa, Elizabeth; León, Esperanza
En el marco del acogimiento residencial, se ha desarrollado el programa Familias Colaboradoras con el fin de que los niños, niñas y adolescentes tutelados puedan disfrutar de períodos de convivencia en un ambiente familiar positivo, que les genere beneficios y complemente su atención residencial. En este trabajo, a través del instrumento Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), estudiamos el ajuste psicológico de 37 menores de edad en acogimiento residencial con familias colaboradoras, contrastando las valoraciones de 185 informantes: los propios menores de edad, sus familias colaboradoras, los profesionales de referencia del centro, así como un grupo de comparación de iguales sin familias colaboradoras y sus profesionales de referencia. Además, analizamos si el ajuste psicológico de estas personas menores se relaciona con variables personales y la valoración que hacen de la colaboración familiar. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas entre el ajuste psicológico valorado por los distintos informantes. Además, los menores de edad con familias colaboradoras tendieron a mostrar un mejor ajuste psicológico frente al grupo de comparación, con tamaños de efecto considerables. Se encontraron también relaciones significativas entre el ajuste psicológico y la valoración de los menores sobre la colaboración familiar. Finalmente, se discuten algunas implicaciones prácticas para el desarrollo del programa.
Open Access
Parental styles and aggressive beliefs. The mediating role of affects
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Salavera, Carlos; Urbón, Eva; Usán, Pablo; Antoñanzas, José L.
Parenting stiles (authoritative, democratic, permissive and neglectful) play a key role in personal development and can be related to aggressive beliefs and affects in the individual. In order to examine this relationship, 769 subjects (359 men; 46.68%), with an average age of 21.89 years, SD= 2.65, were assessed in terms of parenting styles, aggressive beliefs and affects; the mediating role of affects in the relationship between aggressive beliefs and parenting styles was also explored. The study revealed that these constructs are interrelated. The democratic parenting style was found to be the most widespread. In terms of gender, authoritative styles were used more often on men than on women, among which the permissive style was the most common. No significant gender differ-ences were found concerning democratic and neglectful parenting styles. Women were revealed to be more exposed to negative affects, and aggressive beliefs were found to be more prevalent in men. Children educated according to a democratic style scored higher in positive affects and lower in aggressive beliefs. Authoritative styles tend to lead to aboveaverage scores in positive affects and aggressive beliefs. In addition, one in five people educated according to a permissive style returns a high negative affect score, and one in four people educated according to a neglectful style yields high scores in aggressive beliefs. Finally, parenting styles were found to have a direct effect on aggressive beliefs, an effect enhanced by the mediating role played by affects. In conclusion, the study suggests that parent-ing styles are related to aggressive beliefs and affects. In addition, affects were shown to play a mediating role in the relationship between parenting styles and aggressive beliefs. Finally, it is worth emphasising that, owing to the far-reaching implications of parenting styles on the psychological, social and personal development of the individual, more research needs to be undertaken, not only to examine their relationship with affects and aggressive beliefs, but also with other psychological variables involved in personal development.
Open Access
Freiburg personality inventory in inflammatory bowel disease: diagnosis and psychotherapeutic needs
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Rada, Cornelia; Tieranu, Cristian George; Gheonea, Dan Ionut; Ionescu, Elena Mirela
Despite recent discoveries, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) still face challenges with attainment of remission. The objectives of the study were to identify the characteristics of patients with the Freiburg Personality Inventory and the intensity of the intestinal disease, comorbidities that could be related to the personality of the subjects. Data were collected in the period 2019–2020 from 46 patients and used nonparametric methods. Compared to the normative sample, the Inhibitedness, Health Concerns, and Emotionality scales had significantly higher raw scores. The Social Orientation, Frankness, and Extraversionscales had significantly lower raw scores. Health status was a medical factor that influenced the Somatic Complaintsscale, patients who had lesions or comorbidities had significantly higher raw scores. Patients who had comorbidities in addition to IBD had considerably higher raw scores on the Excitability scale. Psychotherapeutic change interventions regarding life perception are required to tackle the description of subjective suffering related to physical inconveniences (Somatic Complaintsscale), a strong orientation toward performance (Strainscale), mood swings, anxiety, and pessimism (Emotionality scale). Another intervention is reconsidering values and (re) prioritization, such as family, intimate relationships, friends, health, growth, development, balanced work, all of which can promote a feeling of well-being and balance.
Open Access
Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Clance Impostor Scale (S-CIPS)
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Sandoval-Lentisco, Alejandro; Tortajada, Miriam; Palmero, Lucía B.; Campoy, Guillermo; Fuentes, Luis J.; Martínez-Pérez, Víctor
The aim of this study was to examine the reliability, validity, and factorial structure of the Spanish version of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS). A sample of 271 Spanish students was recruited to complete a translated version of the original 20-item CIPS. In our sample, the instrument showed high internal consistency reliability (ωTotal=.90) and a moderate-to-strong correlation with measures of depression (r= .633), self-esteem (r= -.754) and fear of negative evaluation (r= .666), suggesting both nomological and discriminant validity. Althoughthe original valida-tion of the CIPS proposed a factorial structure with three factors, subsequent validations also revealed adjustment to two-and one-factor structures. Here, we used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the three different models. The results showed that in our adaptation, a 2-factor structure might be preferred. This adaptation of the CIPS to Spanish provides clinicians with a new method to gain insight into the psychological mechanisms behind the Impostor phenomenon and suitable treatments
Open Access
Using virtual classroom for teaching special needs students in inclusive classrooms during and beyond Covid-19: Teachers' perspectives
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Alhwaiti, Mohammed
Encouraging and continuing inclusive learning environments is important to allow all students to be able to fully participate, engage, and learn. The online learning environment obliges educators to think creatively about how to achieve this goal. The aim was to investigate using virtual classroom for teaching special needs students in inclusive classrooms during and beyond Covid-19 from the perspectives of their teachers. Teachers of special education from integration schools in the middle stage in Makkah were targeted. A 15-item survey instrument was developed particularly for this research study . Quantitative research is carried out with the aim to investigate using virtual classroom(VC) for teaching special needs students in inclusive classrooms during and beyond Covid-19 from the perspectives of their teachers. A survey method was used. Data were collected through a structured self-administered questionnaire, which was based on the technology acceptance model(TAM). Pearson correlation(R) and mul-tiple regression (MRA) were used to analyze data . Results indicated that the BI is positively affected by PU, PEOU. PU, PEOU yielded a coefficient of multiple regression (R) and a multiple correlation square. This shows that a total variance in BI is accounted for by PU, PEOU. In conclusion, the findings in this study contribute to the literature on TAM and its use in special education in particular
Open Access
Functionality and loneliness in older people: Model of mediation by positive affect
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Espirito-Santo, Helena; Crúzio-Grilo, Leana; Lemos, Laura; Grasina, Alexandra; Andrade, Diogo; Daniel, Fernanda
Objective:Research has shown that loneliness is associated with functional disability in the older population. However, little is known about the role of affectivity in this relationship. The present study explored a mediation model in which affectivity was hypothesized to mediate the relationship between functionality and loneliness, controlling for the effect of relevant variables.Methods:The University of California Loneliness Scale-16 items, Geriatric Functionality Scale, Positive and Negative AffectSchedule-14, and Geriatric Depression Scale-8 were administered to 489 old adults (65–100 years old), 428 from social care homes (SCH), and 61 from the community.Results:Those from SCH, women, widowed, withlow education, more functional disability, more negative affect, less positive affect, and more depressive symptoms reported more loneliness. Controlling for the effect of depressive symptoms, gender, residential status, marital status, and education, only positive affect mediated, partially, the relationship between functionality and loneliness. Conclusion:We suggest implementing interventions that increase older adults' insights in personalized patterns of positive affect and, consequently, ease feelings of loneliness in older people suffering from functional limitations (especially women, with depressive symptoms, widowed, residing in an institution, and with low educational level)
Open Access
The Moderating Role of Perceived Efficacy of COVID-19 Prevention Measures on the Relation Between Perceived Risk and Perceived Mental Health
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Cuadrado, Esther; Farhane-Medina, Naima Z.; Tabernero, Carmen; Gutiérrez-Domingo, Tamara; Villaécija, Joaquín
The pandemic situation caused by COVID-19 led countries to adopt harsh and prolonged (over time) measures that—along with the high number of infections and deaths and continuous negative information—have affected the mental health of individuals. In this study, the impact on mental health of the COVID-19 health crisis in Spain was explored through the perceived efficacy of pandemic containment measures as a moderator of the relationship that COVID-19 perceived risk establishes with stress and depression. A questionnaire composed of scales conceived to measure COVID-19 perceived risk, perceived efficacy of COVID-19 prevention measures, stress, and depression was completed by 478 adults living in Spain (66.9% females, Mage= 36.30, SD= 15.32) between May 16, 2021, and June 6, 2021. The results confirmed the moderating role of per-ceived efficacy. Perceived efficacy acted as a protective factor for stress and depression by decreasing the negative impact that perceived risk had on both variables related to mentaldistress. Also, the perception that participants had about the effectiveness of prevention measures appeared to be a relevant protective factor regarding mental health during the pandemic. This study highlights the relevance of psychological interventions and government policies that improve positive risk communication and provide adequate information regarding the effectiveness of health-prevention measures
Open Access
Future Anxiety in Young Spanish Adults : Psychometric Properties of the Dark Future Scale
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Torrado, Macarena; García-Castro, F. Javier; Blanca, María J.
Background/Objective:The Dark Future Scale (DFS) is a selfreport instrument which assesses the tendency to think about the future with anxiety, fear, and uncertainty. Although it has been applied in different populations, instrumental studies are scarce, and there is no validated Spanish version. The aim was therefore to develop a Spanish version of the scale (DFS-S) and to analyze its psychometric properties in a sample of young adults. Method:Participants were 1,019 individuals aged from 18 to 24 years. They completed the DFS-S and the IPIP-BFM-20. Validity evidence based on the internal structure, including measurement invariance across gender, as well as on relationships with personality traits was obtained. Reliability and gender differences in DFS-S scores were also examined. Results:Results supported a single-factor structure, χ2(5) = 10.79, CFI = .999, RMSEA = .034, SRMR = .016, that was invariant across gender. Reliability of test scores was satisfactory (ω= .92). In the correlation analysis, future anxiety showed a strong positive correlation with neuroticism (.42) and a moderate negative correlation with extraversion (-.25). Females scored higher than males on future anxiety. Conclusions:The DFS-S has sat-isfactory psychometric properties and it is an adequate tool for measuring future anxiety among young adults.
Open Access
Effectiveness of social-emotional development programs applied in primary education:an umbrella systematic review
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Moreno, Eliana M.; Montero, Ana; Armada-Crespo, José M.
En la actualidad ha aumentado el desarrollo de programas de entrenamiento en habilidades socioemocionales en la infancia, debido a que se los considera como una herramienta válida para la adaptación y afrontamiento de una gran variedad de situaciones, tanto académicas como personales. Sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que aporten una visión integral de las evidencias disponibles en el contexto de educación primaria. Se presenta una revisión sistemática de tipo paraguas basada en el método PRISMA, que incluye revisiones sobre programas de desarrollo socioemocional aplicados en educación primaria, con el objetivo de sintetizar sus características y recopilar los principales resultados reportados. Se utilizaron las bases de datos: ERIC, WOS, PSYCINFO, SCOPUS y COCHRANE. Tras un proceso por pares ciegos se seleccionaron y analizaron 15 revisiones. Utilizando las herramientas AMSTAR-2 y SANRA se encontró que el 60% de los estudios secundarios presenta una calidad críticamente baja o baja. Se identificaron 39 programas reportados en revisiones de buena calidad, un 51.2% presentaron evidencias moderadas o fuertes e informaron efectos significativos principalmente en ajuste del comportamiento, competencia social y emocional y habilidades académicas. Se discute el impacto de la calidad metodológica encontrada y las evidencias reportados en la interpretación y generalización de los hallazgos
Open Access
Academic success, engagement and self-efficacy of first-year university students : personal variables and first-semester performance
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Casanova, Joana R.; Sinval, Jorge; Almeida, Leandro S.
Higher education can be hugely transformative for students and has an important role in empowering human capital, innovation, and society’s social, cultural, and environmental development. The expansion of higher education has promoted access for a more heterogeneous mix of students, but ensuring access does not guarantee academic success. This paper aims to analyse predictors of academic achievement in 447 first-year students in their 1stand 2ndsemesters, considering variables including sex, age, parents’ educational level and grades on entering higher education, along with levels of students’ academic engagement and self-efficacy after some weeks at university. Results show statistically significant paths for sex, age, and GPA to 1st-semester achievement, for parent’s educational levels to perceived self-efficacy, for students’ academic engagement to 1st-semester achievement, and 1st-semester achievement to 2nd-semester achievement. Students’ academic engagement also had an indirect effect on the 2nd-semester achievement. The correlation between academic engagement and self-efficacy was positive, strong, and statistically significant. The model explained 35.2% of the variance in 2nd-semester achievement and 15.0% of the variance in 1st-semester achievement. Knowledge about predictors of academic achievement and the importance of engagement and self-efficacy will support timely interventions, promoting success and preventing failure and dropout.
Open Access
Validation of Psychometric Instrumentswith Classical Test Theory in Social and Health Sciences: A practical guide
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) López-Pina, José-Antonio; Veas, Alejandro
In recent years,there has been a significant rise in the number of psychometric studies, together with crucial statistical advances for validity and reliability measures. Given the importance of providingaccurate procedures both in methodology and score interpretationof tests and/or measurement scales, the editors-in-chiefof the journal Annals of Psychology have draftedthis guide to address the most relevant issues in the field of applied psychometry. To this end, the present manuscript analyses the main topics under the Classical Test Theory framework (e.g., exploratory/confirmatory factor analysis; reliability, bias, etc.) aimingto synthesizeand clarifythe best practical applications;and improve publication standards.
Open Access
Mexican Quality of Work Life Scale in healthcare personnel: development and validation
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Pérez-Ortiz, Alejandro; Antonio-Cruz, Aldo; Neri-Flores, Verónica; Pineda-Flores, Claudia; Romero-Hernández, Astrid X.; Ortega-Luyando, Mayaro; Gutiérrez-Velilla, Ester
There is little evidence of measurement scales with appropriate psychometric properties regard Quality of Work-Life in health personnel, so the objective was to develop and examine psychometric properties of Mexican Quality of Work Life Scale (MQWLS). An instrumental, cross-sectional study was conducted. Phase 1) development of the scale and content validity; Phase 2) validation with two different samples [n= 293] and [n = 300] through an online questionnaire. Content validity was obtained for 60 items (Aiken's V>.90); exploratory and confirmatory factor analyzes yielded a six-dimension structure; the fit indexes from the final scale with 24 items were acceptable (χ2[257]=540.277; CMIN/DF=2.102; NFI=.914; CFI=.953; GFI=.877, AGFI=.845; SRMR=.047; RMSEA=.061 [.054-.069] p <.001), with good reliability indices (α =.949,ω=.982). MQWLS proved internal consistency reliability, several evidences of validity and acceptable configurational and metric invariance with a model that confirms the existence of six dimensions that explain the construct through 24 items.
Open Access
The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived stress among Romanian young adults : negative affect and avoidant coping as mediators
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Leonti, Raluca Maria; Muntele-Hendreș, Daniela; Turliuc, Maria Nicoleta
Background and objectives:Although young adults were considered to face a lower risk of severe coronavirus infection, they were at higher risk for adverse psychosocial effects. The aim of this study was to test the me-diating roles of negative affect and avoidant coping, firstly in the relation-ship between COVID-19 impact and perceived stress, and then in the rela-tionship between perceived coronavirus threat and perceived stress. Design:Cross-sectional design. Methods: We conducted the study on a sample of 669 university students (aged between 18-28), during the critical fourth wave, when the delta variant was the dominant strain. Results: The results indicate significant positive associations between the impact of COVID-19 and perceived stress (r = .485; p<.001), and between perceived corona-virus threat and perceived stress (r= .283; p<.001). Our findings demon-strate that negative affect and avoidant coping serially mediate these rela-tionships (total indirect effect = .3349, 95% CI, [.2858; .3852] / (total indi-rect effect = .2072, 95% CI, [.1515; .2624]). Thus, the impact of COVID-19 (β= .137; 95% CI [.0019; .0045]) and perceived coronavirus threat (β= .069; 95% CI [.0007; .0046]) induce an increase in stress not only directly, but also indirectly, through amplified negative affect, which in turn increases the specific-oriented use of avoidant coping strategies. Conclusions:Our results highlighted some new explanatory relationships between variables that affect mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Open Access
Character Strengths and Emotion Self-Regulation in Brazilian Workers
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Guimarães, Monique A.; V. S. Batista, Helder H.; S. Pio, Jamile L.; P. Noronha, Ana Paula
Character strengths and emotion self-regulation are relevant psychological resources to help workers cope with current demands in the workplace. The present investigation aimed to test the association with and the predictive power of the character strengths regarding emotion self-regulation. A total of 203 participants aged 18 to 68 years answered the sociodemographic questionnaire, Character Strength Scale –Brief (CSS-Brief), and the Emotion Self-Regulation Scale –Adult (ESRS-AD). The findings indicated weak to strong associations between the CSS-Brief and ESRS-AD factors. The intrapersonal strength and the intellectual and interpersonal strengths predicted the emotion self-regulation strategies likely to be adopted by the workers. The gathered evidence suggested significant differences in the ESRS-AD and CSS-Brief regarding the participants’ sociodemographic features. These results have occurred regardless of the workers’ hierarchical level and job department.
Open Access
Validez e invariancia de medida de la Escala de Homonegatividad Moderna en alumnado del ámbito de la educación
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Lara-Garrido, Adrián Salvador; Álvarez-Bernardo, Gloria; García-Berbén, Ana Belén
Aquellas investigaciones orientadas a analizar las actitudes hacia la homosexualidad sugieren el uso de instrumentos que detecten los aspectos sutiles en la discriminación hacia hombres gais y mujeres lesbianas. Asimismo, se señala que la invariancia de medida de los constructos es imprescindible para que las comparaciones entre grupos sean válidas. Este trabajo pretende validar la Escala de Homonegatividad Moderna (MHS) en estudiantes universitarios del ámbito de la educación (N= 1.283) con un rango de edad entre los 17 y los 49 años (M= 2.88; DT= 3,02). Del mismo modo, se interesa por examinar la invariancia de medida de la MHS en relación con ciertas variables sociodemográficas y personales (p. ej. identidad de género), así como ideológicas (p. ej. inclinación política). Los resultados aportaron evidencias sobre la unidimensionalidad de la escala y un al-to grado de consistencia interna (MHS-G= .879; MHS-L= .906), además de unos índices de ajuste (CFIMHS-G= .95, CFIMHS-L= .97; RMSEAMHS-G=.064, 90% IC: .057-.071, RMSEAMHS-L= .059, 90% IC: .052-.066) y unos valores de validez externa (MHS-G y AN-T: r= .753, I.C. 95% = .722-.785; MHS-L y AN-T: r= .76. I.C. 95% = .730-.790) satisfactorios. Asimismo, sugirieron que tanto la subescala hacia hombres gais (MHS-G) como mujeres lesbianas (MHS-L) son constructos invariantes conforme a las variables estudiadas. Las conclusiones apuntan a la validez y la invariancia de medida del modelo propuesto para comparar los niveles de homonegatividad moderna entre los grupos estudiados.
Open Access
Authenticity Scale: Validity and Reliability Evidence in a Sample from Brazil and Portugal
(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones, 2024) Coscioni, Vinicius; Pereira Teixeira, Marco Antônio; Paixão, Maria Paula
This study introduces distinct types of validity and reliability evidence of the Authenticity Scale (AS) in a sample from Brazil and Portugal. It consists of an online survey with 1,077 Brazilian citizens and 622 Portuguese citizens. The study tested the model with three correlated factors (self-alienation, authentic living, and accepting external influence), the unidimensional model, and the bifactor model. The model with three corre-lated factors was retained, with the three subscales demonstrating moderate to good reliability. Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis suggested scalar invariance across culture, gender, age, education, occupation, and Covid-related concern and impact. The items were assessed by graded re-sponse model (GRM), which suggested that the three subscales are not able to distinguish respondents with high authenticity traits. GRM and de-scriptive statistics indicated that the rating-scale is inappropriate, particular-ly for authentic living subscale, which is affected by ceiling effect. Associa-tions with presence of meaning showed additional validity evidence. De-spite the limitations, the AS is an effective measure to assess authenticity across different groups. Potential modifications for the improvement of the AS are discussed.

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