Development and validation of a standardized assessment instrument for discus throwing performance: A reliability study among high school students

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Date
2026
Authors
Zulkifli
Yani, Ahmad
Setiawan, Budi Arif
Pardilla, Herli
Henjilito, Raffly
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Servicio de Publicaciones. Universidad dde Murcia
Abstract
This study focused on creating and validating a dependable tool for assessing discus throw performance in secondary school students. The sample comprised 240 students (120 males, 120 females; aged 15-17) from 12 institutions, selected via stratified random sampling for skill and demographic representation. The assessment tool was developed with expert guidance and preliminary testing, incorporating five technical components: starting position, starting swing, movement across the circle, power position, and release-recovery. Statistical methods included the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) via a two-way mixed-effects model, Cronbach's alpha for internal consistency, test-retest reliability over two weeks, and Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) with bootstrapping to establish confidence intervals. The overall reliability of the instrument was excellent (ICC=0.89, 95% CI: 0.85-0.93). Notable internal consistency was found (Cronbach's α = 0.87), coupled with strong test-retest reliability (r=0.91, p<0.001). Component analysis indicated the highest reliability in the power position (ICC=0.92) and the lowest in the initial swing (ICC= 0.86). A positive correlation existed between experience level and reliability measures (ICCs from 0.86 to 0.92). Gender analysis revealed comparable reliability for males (ICC=0.88) and females (ICC=0.90). The reliability among diverse components and demographics supports its use in both formative and summative assessments.
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Keywords
Discus Throwing , Reliability Testing , Motor Skill Evaluation , High School Athletics , Physical Education Assessment
Citation
SPORT TK-EuroAmerican Journal of Sport Sciences, 15, 23
URI
http://hdl.handle.net/10201/227701
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Sport TK Vol.15 (2026)
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