Publication: Pericytes. Morphofunction, interactions and pathology in a quiescent and activated mesenchymal cell niche
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Date
2009
Authors
Díaz-Flores, Lucio ; Gutiérrez, Ricardo ; Varela, H. ; Valladares, Francisco ; Acosta, E. ; Martín-Vasallo, P. ; Díaz-Flores Jr., L. ; Madrid Cuevas, Juan Francisco
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Biología Celular
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Publisher
Murcia : F. Hernández
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DOI
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Description
Abstract
We review the morphofunctional
characteristics of pericytes and report our observations.
After a brief historical background, we consider the
following aspects of pericytes: A) Origin in embryonic
vasculogenesis (mesenchymal stem cells, neurocrest and
other possible sources) and in embryonic and postnatal
life angiogenesis (pre-existing pericytes, fibroblast/
myofibroblasts and circulating progenitor cells). B)
Location in pericytic microvasculature and in the other
blood vessels (including transitional cell forms and
absence in lymphatic vessels), incidence (differences
depending on species, topographical location, and type
and stage of vessels) and distribution (specific polarities)
in blood vessels. C) Morphology (cell body, and
longitudinal and circumferential cytoplasmic processes),
structure (nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles and
distribution of microtubules, intermediate filaments and
microfilaments) and surface (caveolae system). D)
Basement membrane disposition, formation, components
and functions. E) Contacts with endothelial cells (ECs)
(peg and socket arrangements, adherent junctions and
gap junctions) and with basal membrane (adhesion
plaques). F) Molecular expression (pericyte marker
identification). G) Functions, such as vessel
stabilization, regulation of vascular tone and
maintenance of local and tissue homeostasis (contractile
capacity and vessel permeability regulation), matrix
protein synthesis, macrophage-like properties,
immunological defense, intervention in coagulation,
participation in mechanisms that regulate the quiescent
and angiogenic stages of blood vessels (including the
behaviour of pericytes during sprouting angiogenesis
and intussuceptive vascular growth, as well as pericyte interactions with endothelium and other cells, and with
extracellular matrix) and plasticity, as progenitor cells
with great mesenchymal potential, originating other
pericytes, fibroblast/myofibroblasts, preadipocytes,
chondroblasts, osteoblasts, odontoblasts, vascular
smooth muscle and myointimal cells. This mesenchymal
capacity is seen in a broad section on the perivascular
mesenchymal cell niche hypothesis and in the concept of
pericyte and EC “marriage and divorce”. H) Peculiar
pericyte types, such as hepatic stellate cells (Ito cells),
bone marrow reticular cells and mesangial cells. I)
Involvement in pathological processes, such as repair
through granulation tissue, pericyte-derived tumors,
tumor angiogenesis and tumoral cell metastasis, diabetic
microangiopathy, fibrosis, atherosclerosis and calcific
vasculopathy, lymphedema distichiasis, chronic venous
insufficiency, pulmonary hypertension, Alzheimer
disease and multiple sclerosis. J) Clinical and therapeutic
implications (de-stabilization of vessels or formation of
a stable vasculature).
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