Publication: Cellular mechanisms of calcium phosphate ceramic degradation
Authors
Heymann, D. ; Pradal, G. ; Benahmed, M.
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Publisher
Murcia : F. Hernández
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DOI
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Description
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (Cap) ceramics are
widely used for bone substitution in orthopedic, maxillofacial
and dental surgery. Many environmental factors
are involved in the gradual degradation of calcium
phosphate ceramic after implantation, including
physicochemical processes (dissolution-precipitation)
and the effects of various cell types. Several of these cell
types degrade ceramics by, phagocytotic mechanisms
(fibroblasts, osteoblasts, monocytes/macrophages) or by
an acidic mechanism with a proton pump to reduce the
pH of the microenvironment and resorb these synthetic
substrates (osteoclasts). Various mesenchymal cells
located at the implantation sites can induce the
solubilization of Cap ceramics. Crystal-cell contacts
were required to induce such crystal dissolution.
Mesenchymal cells such as fibroblastic cells are also
actively involved in the ceramic degradation process. In
this context, Cap crystals underwent dissolution into the
phagosome. If osteoclasts resorb Cap ceramics similarly
to the natural bone, they possess a phagocytic capability.
This phagocytosis mechanism consisted of three steps:
crystal phagocytosis, disappearance of the endophagosome
envelope membrane and fragmentation of phagocytosed crystals within the cytoplasm. Similar
phenomenons have been observed during the phagocytic
mechanism induced by monocytes/macrophages. The
cellular mechanisms of Cap ceramic degradation are
modulated by various parameters, such as the properties
of the ceramic itself, the implantation sites and the
presence of various proteins (cytokines, hormones,
vitamins, ions, etc.). The cells involved in these
mechanisms could intervene directly or indirectly
through their cytokinelgrowth factor secretions and their
sensitivity to the same molecules. This article reviews
recent knowledge on the cellular mechanisms of calcium phosphate ceramic degradation.
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