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The economic dimension of cybercrime in the Digital Era: a systems perspective on structural inequalities and regional dynamics of computer fraud in Spain

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dc.contributor.authorMármol, Carlos J.
dc.contributor.authorLuna, Aurelio
dc.contributor.authorLegaz Pérez, Isabel
dc.contributor.departmentCiencias Sociosanitarias
dc.contributor.otherFacultad de Química
dc.date.accessioned2026-05-11T09:59:59Z
dc.date.available2026-05-11T09:59:59Z
dc.date.copyright© 2026 MDPI
dc.date.issued2026-05-09
dc.description.abstractComputer fraud has become a rapidly expanding form of cybercrime linked to the growth of digital infrastructures and socioeconomic development. This study adopts a sociotechnical systems perspective to examine the temporal evolution, regional disparities, structural determinants, and future trends of computer fraud in Spain (2011–2022). Official data from the Spanish Ministry of the Interior were used to calculate incidence rates per 100,000 inhabitants. Temporal trends were analyzed using linear regression, regional patterns using clustering analysis, and structural associations using correlation models. Projections were developed to estimate trends up to 2035. Computer fraud increased sharply from 44.7 to 707.7 cases per 100,000 inhabitants, with the strongest growth observed in card and bank fraud. Higher rates were found in economically developed and highly digitalized regions. Fraud incidence was positively associated with broadband access, mobile connectivity, and income levels, whereas traditional technologies were negatively associated. These findings indicate that computer fraud should be understood as a system-level phenomenon driven by the interplay of digital, economic, and territorial factors. Effective prevention requires integrated strategies that combine technological, regulatory, and educational measures, adapted to regional vulnerability profiles.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.format.extent23
dc.identifier.citationSystems 2026, 14, 538
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/systems14050538
dc.identifier.eissn2079-8954
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10201/230821
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationSin financiación externa a la Universidad
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2079-8954/14/5/538
dc.rightsAttribution 4.0 International*
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/*
dc.subjectCybercrime
dc.subjectDigital economy
dc.subjectRegional disparities
dc.subjectSocio technical systems
dc.subjectSystemic risk
dc.subjectComputer fraud
dc.subject.odsNo relacionado con ningún objetivo de desarrollo sostenible
dc.titleThe economic dimension of cybercrime in the Digital Era: a systems perspective on structural inequalities and regional dynamics of computer fraud in Spain
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryb83b4b59-2d61-40f0-9108-5c6a6d158295
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