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Technology-Facilitated Online Sexual Violence, Consent Negotiation, and Coping Among AdultWomen: A Qualitative Study

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dc.contributor.authorMartínez Díaz, Azucena
dc.contributor.authorLópez Barranco, Pedro José
dc.contributor.authorGuillén Martínez, Ascensión
dc.contributor.authorPérez Franco, Isabel María
dc.contributor.authorLeal Costa, César
dc.contributor.authorJiménez Ruiz, Ismael
dc.contributor.authorCayuela Fuentes, Pedro Simón
dc.contributor.authorSegura López, Gabriel
dc.contributor.departmentEnfermería
dc.date.accessioned2026-03-30T10:51:54Z
dc.date.available2026-03-30T10:51:54Z
dc.date.copyright© 2026 by the authors.
dc.date.issued2026-03-27
dc.description.abstractBackground/Objectives: Online sexual violence is an increasingly prevalent form of genderbased harm facilitated by digital technologies, with significant consequences for the health, well-being, and rights of adult women. Despite growing attention to this phenomenon, women’s lived experiences remain underexplored, particularly regarding sexual consent and institutional responses. This study aimed to examine how adult women experience online sexual violence, how consent is negotiated or constrained in digital contexts, and how coping and institutional mechanisms are perceived. Methods: A qualitative study with a hermeneutic phenomenological approach was conducted. Data were collected through three focus groups with 23 women aged 21 to 42 years who were active users of social media. Results: Participants reported diverse forms of online sexual violence, including unsolicited sexual messages and images, persistent harassment, coercion, blackmail, and threats. Sexual consent was often undermined by emotional manipulation, social pressure, and fear, placing women in vulnerable positions. These experiences negatively affected well-being, contributing to anxiety, reduced self-esteem, fear, and difficulties in sexual and emotional relationships. Coping strategies were mainly individual, such as blocking perpetrators or reporting content, while social support was frequently perceived as insufficient. A generalized distrust of institutional responses emerged, with formal mechanisms viewed as ineffective or inaccessible. Conclusions: For the study participants, online sexual violence is increasingly normalized and concealed within digital environments, reinforced by anonymity and impunity. The findings highlight the need for continued research and the development of interventions that include early sexual and emotional education, awareness-raising initiatives, digital regulation, specialized professional training, and the strengthening of victim-centered support networks.
dc.formatapplication/pdf
dc.format.extent18
dc.identifier.citationHealthcare 2026, 14, 863
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare14070863
dc.identifier.eissn2227-9032
dc.identifier.urihttp://hdl.handle.net/10201/224221
dc.languageeng
dc.publisherMDPI
dc.relationThis research was funded by the Ministry of Social Rights, Consumer Affairs, and Agenda 2030 (Secretariat of State for Social Rights), grant number 101/2024/14/4, and carried out by the Columbares Association.
dc.relation.publisherversionhttps://www.mdpi.com/2227-9032/14/7/863
dc.rights.accessRightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.subjectSexual violence
dc.subjectQualitative research
dc.subjectViolence against women
dc.subjectConsent
dc.subjectSocial media
dc.subject.odsNo relacionado con ningún objetivo de desarrollo sostenible
dc.titleTechnology-Facilitated Online Sexual Violence, Consent Negotiation, and Coping Among AdultWomen: A Qualitative Study
dc.typeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/article
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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