Publication: El Hospital Psiquiátrico Román Alberca: neurosis institucional y reconstrucción histórica de un modelo de psiquiatría en la Región de Murcia
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Date
2025
Authors
López Sánchez, Luis
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Publisher
Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de Publicaciones
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DOI
https://doi.org/10.6018/sh.656551
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article
Description
Abstract
En 1959 Russell Barton publicó su conocido libro Institutional Neurosis donde analizaba cómo los pacientes con trastorno mental ingresados en hospitales psiquiátricos desarrollaban síntomas neuróticos relacionados con el hecho de estar encerrados en estas instituciones. La crítica hacia los hospitales psiquiátricos se hizo fuerte en las décadas posteriores desde disciplinas como la filosofía histórica con Foucault, la sociología con Goffman, o con la sociología histórica de Robert Castel en Francia y Álvarez-Uría en España. Pero también desde la propia psiquiatría, desde postulados como los de Barton, o desde las críticas y propuestas del equipo de Franco Basaglia, el deseo por transformar aquellos hospitales, cuando no, hacerlos desaparecer, formó parte de las prácticas internas de muchos profesionales que asistían los problemas más graves de salud mental. Este artículo parte de la investigación para una sesión clínica realizada entre los años 1984 y 1985, donde se exponen algunas descripciones de la observación y la intervención a partir de las variables analíticas utilizadas por Barton sobre la neurosis institucional en el Hospital Psiquiátrico Román Alberca, en la Región de Murcia. Sin ser el objetivo de este artículo realizar una comparación de la configuración y organización de un hospital psiquiátrico entre aquellos años ochenta y la actualidad, sí intenta mostrar algunas prácticas profesionales que se sitúan en la relación entre aquellas críticas e intervenciones sobre las instituciones totales, y las derivas actuales de la atención a los trastornos más graves en salud mental.
In 1959 Russell Barton published his well-known book Institutional Neurosis where he analyzed how patients with mental disorders admitted to psychiatric hospitals developed neurotic symptoms related to being confined in these institutions. Criticism toward psychiatric hospitals became strong in subsequent decades from disciplines such as historical philosophy with Foucault, sociology with Goffman, or with the historical sociology of Robert Castel in France and Álvarez-Uría in Spain. But also from psychiatry itself, from postulates like those of Barton, or from the criticisms and proposals of Franco Basaglia's team, the desire to transform those hospitals, if not make them disappear, became part of the internal practices of many professionals who attended to the most serious mental health problems. This article stems from a clinical session conducted between 1984 and 1985, where some descriptions of observation and intervention are presented based on the analytical variables used by Barton regarding institutional neurosis at the Hospital Psiquiátrico Román Alberca, in the Region of Murcia. While the objective of this article is not to make a comparison of the configuration and organization of a psychiatric hospital between those eighties and the present, it does attempt to show some professional practices that are situated in the relationship between those criticisms and interventions on total institutions, and the current developments in care for the most serious mental health disorders.
In 1959 Russell Barton published his well-known book Institutional Neurosis where he analyzed how patients with mental disorders admitted to psychiatric hospitals developed neurotic symptoms related to being confined in these institutions. Criticism toward psychiatric hospitals became strong in subsequent decades from disciplines such as historical philosophy with Foucault, sociology with Goffman, or with the historical sociology of Robert Castel in France and Álvarez-Uría in Spain. But also from psychiatry itself, from postulates like those of Barton, or from the criticisms and proposals of Franco Basaglia's team, the desire to transform those hospitals, if not make them disappear, became part of the internal practices of many professionals who attended to the most serious mental health problems. This article stems from a clinical session conducted between 1984 and 1985, where some descriptions of observation and intervention are presented based on the analytical variables used by Barton regarding institutional neurosis at the Hospital Psiquiátrico Román Alberca, in the Region of Murcia. While the objective of this article is not to make a comparison of the configuration and organization of a psychiatric hospital between those eighties and the present, it does attempt to show some professional practices that are situated in the relationship between those criticisms and interventions on total institutions, and the current developments in care for the most serious mental health disorders.
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Citation
Sociología Histórica, 2025, Vol. 15, nº. 1, p. 150-176
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