Browsing by Subject "Vaccines"
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- PublicationOpen AccessAssociation between Covid-19 sources of information, beliefs, and vaccination rates: an EU-wide survey.(Oxford University Press, 2023-07-14) Moreno Llamas, Antonio; Devine, Emily Beth; Cruz Sánchez, Ernesto de la; Mendiola Olivares, Jaime; García Mayor, Jesús; Torres Cantero, Alberto Manuel; Ciencias SociosanitariasBackground: Misinformation hampers vaccine uptake. The European Union (EU) employed a coordinated effort to curb misinformation during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this context, we investigated relationships between sources of information, vaccine safety/effectiveness, satisfaction with government vaccination strategy, and vaccination intent. Methods: We used cross-sectional survey data (May 2021) from Flash Eurobarometer 494, a populationadjusted dataset comprised of a representative sample of those 15 years from 27 EU nations. We employed a latent class analysis to create clusters of information sources as the independent variable and beliefs in vaccine safety/efficacy, satisfaction with government vaccination strategy, and vaccine intent as four outcome variables. We first estimated the association between source clusters and each of the first three outcomes separately. Then, using these three as intermediate variables, we employed structural equation modeling to estimate the relationship between sources and vaccine intent. We adjusted for individual and country-level variables. Results: Among 23 012 respondents, four clusters of information sources emerged: (1) national authorities/health professionals (n¼9602; 42%), (2) mostly health professionals (6184; 27%), (3) mixed (n¼1705; 17%) and (4) social media/family/ friends (n¼5524; 24%). Using cluster (3) as the referent, we found decreasing odds of beliefs in vaccine safety/effectiveness, satisfaction and vaccine intent across clusters (1), (2) and (4), respectively. Demographics played a role. Conclusion: In the context of the Covid pandemic, these results provide the first EU-wide estimates of the association between sources of information about vaccine safety/effectiveness, satisfaction and vaccine intent. The coordinated approach promulgated by the EU to minimize misinformation provides a model for managing future pandemics.
- PublicationOpen AccessCaracterísticas de usuarios de un centro de salud asociados al estado de vacunación contra COVID-19(Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de publicaciones, 2024) Pullo Huamani, Flor María; Garamendi Torres, Julia Maribel; Obregón Cahuaya, Cristian Edison; Curisinche Rojas, MaricelaIntroducción: Para alcanzar óptimas coberturas de vacunación contra la COVID-19 se requiere identificar y abordar sus determinantes. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las características sociodemográficas-clínicas y el nivel de conocimientos básicos sobre la enfermedad asociados al estado de vacunación contra la COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal, con 379 usuarios de un centro de salud. En una ficha se registró variables sociodemográficas-clínicas y sobre el estado de vacunación y con la Escala KNOW-PCOVID-19 se midió los conocimientos básicos sobre COVID-19. Para el análisis se usó la prueba Chi cuadrado y un modelo de regresión logística para estimar el OR con IC 95%. Resultados: El 83,38% de participantes tenían dosis completas de la vacuna contra COVID-19; 15.30% dosis incompletas y 1,32% no tenía dosis alguna. Las características asociadas a mayor posibilidad de vacunación incompleta fueron tener ocupación de “ama de casa” (ORa 2.94;IC:1.01-9.61) y afiliación religiosa “cristiana” (ORa 3.38;IC:0.51-7.43); mientras que ser adulto (ORa 0.39; IC: 0.19-0.79) y adulto mayor (ORa 0.13;IC:0.03-0.51), sexo femenino (ORa 0.38; IC:0.15 -0.95) y no ser gestante (ORa 0.21;IC:0.08-0.57) se asociaron a menor propensión de vacunación incompleta. No se encontró asociación con los conocimientos básicos sobre la enfermedad. Conclusión: El porcentaje de usuarios con vacunación completa contra COVID-19 fue alta; siendo la ocupación, religión, edad, sexo y el no embarazo, características asociadas al estado de vacunación. Estas variables deben ser consideradas en la planificación y diseño de estrategias específicas y pertinentes a fin de aumentar las coberturas de vacunación
- PublicationOpen AccessHistoria interminable de la Crisis del Coronavirus en España: entre olas y vacunas(Magistra Vitae, 2021) Fernández Riquelme, Sergio; Trabajo SocialVacunas y olas. Los dos rostros de una crisis que seguı́a condicionando la vida de los españoles en el año 2021. El sueño llegaba en forma de supuesta inmunización, pero la realidad mostraba nuevas extensiones de la enfermedad por toda la geografı́a nacional. Se salvó la Navidad en parte, pero se perdió de nuevo la Semana Santa. El paro seguı́a creciendo, pese a los buenos augurios de final de año, y las colas del hambre se hacı́an cada vez más visibles. La llamada “fatiga pandémica” afectaba crecientemente a la población, entre protestas, caos político, incumplimiento de normas y hastı́o generalizado. Este es un nuevo episodio del interminable efecto del Coronavirus en España, que nos remite a las claves ciudadanas y culturales (del miedo a la esperanza) del concepto de crisis en las actuales sociedades desarrolladas, siguiendo las tesis del historiador Reinhart Koselleck
- PublicationOpen AccessIdentifying risk factors and predicting long COVID in a Spanish cohort(Nature Research, 2025-03-28) Guillén-Teruel, Antonio; Mellina-Andreu, Jose L.; Reina, Gabriel; González-Billalabeitia, Enrique; Rodriguez-Iborra, Ramón; Palma, José; Botía, Juan A.; Cisterna-García, Alejandro; Ingeniería de la Información y las ComunicacionesMany studies have investigated symptoms, comorbidities, demographic factors, and vaccine effects in relation to long COVID (LC-19) across global populations. However, a number of these studies have shortcomings, such as inadequate LC-19 categorisation, lack of sex disaggregation, or a narrow focus on certain risk factors like symptoms or comorbidities alone. We address these gaps by investigating the demographic factors, comorbidities, and symptoms present during the acute phase of primary COVID-19 infection among patients with LC-19 and comparing them to typical non-Long COVID-19 patients. Additionally, we assess the impact of COVID-19 vaccination on these patients. Drawing on data from the Regional Health System of the Region of Murcia in southeastern Spain, our analysis includes comprehensive information from clinical and hospitalisation records, symptoms, and vaccination details of over 675126 patients across 10 hospitals. We calculated age and sex-adjusted odds ratios (AOR) to identify protective and risk factors for LC-19. Our findings reveal distinct symptomatology, comorbidity patterns, and demographic characteristics among patients with LC-19 versus those with typical non-Long COVID-19. Factors such as age, female sex (AOR = 1.39, adjusted p < 0.001), and symptoms like chest pain (AOR > 1.55, adjusted p < 0.001) or hyposmia (AOR > 1.5, adjusted p < 0.001) significantly increase the risk of developing LC-19. However, vaccination demonstrates a strong protective effect, with vaccinated individuals having a markedly lower risk (AOR = 0.10, adjusted p < 0.001), highlighting the importance of vaccination in reducing LC-19 susceptibility. Interestingly, symptoms and comorbidities show no significant differences when disaggregated by type of LC-19 patient. Vaccination before infection is the most important factor and notably decreases the likelihood of long COVID. Particularly, mRNA vaccines offer more protection against developing LC-19 than viral vector-based vaccines (AOR = 0.48). Additionally, we have developed a model to predict LC-19 that incorporates all studied risk factors, achieving a balanced accuracy of 73% and ROC-AUC of 0.80. This model is available as a free online LC-19 calculator, accessible at https://provia.inf.um.es/longcovid.
- PublicationRestrictedInfluence of the Th2 immune response established by Nippostrongylus brasilienses infection on the protection offered by different vaccines against Chlamydophila abortus infection(Springer, 2005-03) Caro, M.R.; Gallego, M.C.; Cuello, F.; Ruiz de Ybáñez Carnero, María del Rocío; Erb, K.J.; Salinas, J.; Martínez Cáceres, Carlos Manuel; Ortega Hernández, Nieves; Buendía Marín, Antonio Julián; Sanidad Animal
- PublicationEmbargoLa protección jurídica de las vacunas (principios esenciales y coordinación)(2022) De la Vega García, Fernando; Derecho PrivadoEl artículo estudia los principales criterios del ordenamiento jurídico para proteger la investigación, producción y comercialización de las vacunas, concretando sus problemas prácticos y posibles soluciones de coordinación. La consideración de la vacuna como medicamento especial y la confluencia de intereses y sectores normativos muy diversos añade complejidad para preservar suficientemente los tres bienes jurídicos esenciales de su ámbito: la salud, la innovación y la competencia. Aunque cada sector normativo aplicable ofrece soluciones consolidadas, surgen problemas prácticos cuando dichos bienes jurídicos se interrelacionan para proteger una concreta vacuna. El artículo expone las normas especiales y principios esenciales de cada sector normativo para la protección de dicho medicamento preventivo, estudiando a continuación las soluciones o mecanismos de coordinación que tienden a garantizar un alto nivel de innovación y un abastecimiento suficiente en el mercado de las vacunas, todo ello sin menoscabo de la protección el derecho a la salud.
- PublicationOpen AccessTowards a new generation of vaccines: the cytokine IL-12 as an adjuvant to enhance cellular immune responses to pathogens during prime-booster vaccination regimens(Murcia : F. Hernández, 2001) Gherardi, M.M.; Ramírez, J.C.; Esteban Abad, María de los ÁngelesA main goal of the industrialized world is the development of effective vaccines to control infectious diseases with major health and socio-economic impact. Current understanding of the immune response triggered during infection with pathogens causing malaria, hepatitis C and AIDS emphasizes the importance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in combating these infections. This has led to the development of new vaccination strategies, some of which are in phase I/II clinical trials. Promising strategies of vaccination are based on highly attenuated vira1 vectors, such as Vaccinia virus (W) in combination with heterologous like vectors naked DNA, referred to as priming/booster vaccination. While these immunization schedules increased the production of specific CTLs, there is a need to further expand the CD8+T cell population to control an infection. Among molecules that play a significant role in the modulation of the CTL response is the cytokine IL-12. Immunoregulation by IL-12 is of central importance in cell-mediated immunity (CMI) against those pathogens and tumors that are controlled by cell-mediated mechanisms, supported by Thl cells. The use of this cytokine in combination with highly immunogenic W-derived vectors is a promising system for development of future vaccination schedules. In this review, we summarize recent data on the use of IL-12 in vaccination procedures, as well as undesired side-effects of the cytokine that can be overcome by accurate use of dose, route and time-window administration of IL-12 encoding vectors. Results described here indicate that VV IL12-mediated enhancement of the specific CM1 response against a model antigen HIV-1 env was timeand dose-dependent and that the antigen and the cytokine could be expresed from two different rVVs modulating the doses of the vectors and allowing for enhancement of a specific CM1 response. Moreover, the use of IL-12 during DNA prime/VV boost regimens enhanced the specific anti-HIV-1 env cellular response 20 times compared to that generated after a single rWenv inoculation. Variables such as: a) dose of the cytokine applied, b) time of its administration and c) routes of inoculation play a critica1 role in the final outcome of the response. The findings presented here can be extended to other antigens, suggesting that immunomodulatory cytokines can be useful in the development of the future vaccines against numerous infectious diseases and tumors.
- PublicationOpen AccessTracking the spatial and functional dispersion of vaccine-related canine distemper virus genotypes: insights from a global scoping review(MDPI, 2025-07-27) González Candela, Mónica; Wipf, Adrian; Ortega Hernández, Nieves; Huertas López, Ana; Martínez-Carrasco Pleite, Carlos; Pérez Cutillas, Pedro; Sanidad Animal; Facultades de la UMU::Facultad de VeterinariaCanine morbillivirus (CDV), the cause of canine distemper, is a pathogen affecting many hosts. While modified live virus (MLV) vaccines are crucial for controlling the disease in dogs, cases of vaccine-related infections have been found in both domestic and wild animals. Specifically, the America-1 and Rockborn-like vaccine genotypes are concerning due to their spread and ability to transmit between different species. This study conducted a review and analysis of molecular detections of these strains in various carnivores (domestic, captive, synanthropic, and wild species). This study used a conceptual model considering host ecology and the domestic–wild interface to evaluate plausible transmission connections over time using Linear Directional Mean (LDM) and Weighted Mean Centre (WMC) methods. Statistical analyses examined the relationship between how likely a strain is to spread and factors like host type and vaccination status. The findings showed that the America-1 genotype spread in a more organised way, with domestic dogs being the main source and recipient, bridging different environments. Synanthropic mesocarnivores also played this same role, with less intensity. America-1 was most concentrated in the North Atlantic and Western Europe. In contrast, the Rockborn-like strain showed a more unpredictable and restricted spread, residual circulation from past use rather than ongoing spread. Species involved in vaccine-related infections often share characteristics like generalist behaviour, social living, and a preference for areas where domestic animals and wildlife interact. We did not find a general link between a host vaccination status and the likelihood of the strain spreading. The study emphasised the ongoing risk of vaccine-derived strains moving from domestic and synanthropic animals to vulnerable wild species, supporting the need for improved vaccination approaches. Mapping these plausible transmission routes can serve as a basis for targeted surveillance, not only of vaccine-derived strains, but of any other circulating genotype.
- PublicationOpen AccessWhen intracellular pathogens invade the frontiers of cell biology and immunology(Murcia : F. Hernández, 1997) Pizarro-Cerdá, J.; Moreno, E.; Desjardins, M.; Gorvel, J.P.Cellular microbiology has recently been described as a new discipline emerging at the interface between cell biology and rnicrobiology (Cossart et al., 1996). Many microbial pathogens can enter eukaryotic cells and live intracellularly either inside vacuoles or in the cytoplasm. The different steps during the invasion process are on the way of being dissected at the molecular leve1 revealing new insights in basic cellular functions. Indeed, bacterial pathogenesis can help us to better understand the dynamics of cell cytoskeleton, intracellular membrane traffic and signal transduction events. The recent advancements in the field of microbial pathogenesis are creating a new cross-taik between cell biologists, microbiologists and immuno-logists. In this review, the different strategies used by several pathogens are presented and the mechanisms elaborated by host cells from the immune system to eliminate the parasites discussed.