Browsing by Subject "Seawater"

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    Open Access
    Non-targeted analysis by DLLME-GC-MS for the monitoring of pollutants in the Mar Menor lagoon
    (Elsevier, 2021-07-17) Peñalver Soler, Rosa María; Ortiz, Alberto; Arroyo-Manzanares, Natalia; Campillo Seva, Natalia; López-García, Ignacio; Viñas López-Pelegrín, Pilar; Química Analítica
    Non-targeted analysis for the monitoring of organic pollutants resulting from agricultural and industrial practices, plastics and pharmaceutical products of seawater from the Mar Menor lagoon (SE Spain) is proposed using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initially, a home-made MS database including 118 environmental organic pollutants, whose presence in different ecosystems has already been reported, was created. The analytical method was applied for the analysis of 42 samples and a total of 18 pollutants were detected and identified. Samples were obtained from different sites around the Mar Menor in three sampling campaigns, enabling the assessment of impact of rain on the input of the detected chemicals and their distribution. In addition, this methodology was validated using a standard mixture containing 54 of the environmental pollutants included in the database, allowing the quantification of the 9 of the identified compounds (dibutyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, anthracene, 2-methylnaphthalene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate and oleamide) with concentration between 3 and 271 μg L−1.
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    Publication
    Open Access
    Targeted and untargeted approaches using liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of lipophilic marine biotoxins in seawater and mussel samples
    (Elsevier, 2025-09-12) Pastor Belda, Marta; Arroyo Manzanares, Natalia; Viñas López-Pelegrin, Pilar; Sánchez Fernández, Olga; Pérez Ruzafa, Ángel; Campillo Seva, Natalia; León Morán, Lixy Olinda; Química Analítica
    Marine biotoxins are naturally occurring compounds produced around the world by various species of microalgae, whose presence increases significantly due to harmful algal blooms. This phenomenon is a major public health concern, as a large amount of marine fauna is exposed to these biotoxins. The aim of this study was the improvement and application of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction and liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of eight lipophilic marine biotoxins, okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin 1 (DTX-1), dinophysistoxin 2 (DTX-2), 16:0 7-O-acyl okadaic acid (DTX-3a), gambierone (GAM), 44-methylgambierone (44-GAM), yessotoxin (YTX), and homoyessotoxin (hYTX), and their derivatives in seawaters and mussels by targeted and untargeted approaches. The proposed method provided detection limits ranging from 0.0004 to 1.7 ng mL-1 in seawater and 0.06 to 119 ng g-1 in mussel samples, depending on the biotoxin. A total of 23 seawater samples collected in the Mar Menor lagoon between 2021 and 2023 were analyzed and several of them were found to contain OA and DTX-3a at concentration levels in the 0.006–1.5 ng mL-1 range. OA and DTX-2 were also found at maximum levels of 8.0 and 1.2 ng g-1, respectively, in several mussel samples from commercial origin. In addition, a suspect screening was developed in the untargeted approach to investigate the presence of other derivatives of the target marine biotoxins in the samples using a home-made database covering 93 compounds. An unsaturated ester derivative of OA/DTX-2 was detected in the seawater samples collected during a red tide.