Browsing by Subject "Pesticides"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
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    Disminuyendo la relevancia de los plaguicidas. Alternativas a su uso
    (Murcia: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia, 2010) Pérez, Nilda; Infante, Ciro; Rosquete, Cristina; Ramos, Alfredo; González, Carlos
    En diferentes lugares del mundo existen sistemas agroalimentarios altamente dependientes de insumos químicos, mientras en otras partes se desarrollan experiencias que están demostrando que los problemas de plagas se pueden enfrentar desde una perspectiva ecológica y sostenible. Se presentan experiencias locales que ofrecen evidencias indiscutibles de que la disminución de la relevancia y dependencia de los plaguicidas, dentro de esa perspectiva, es una realidad posible. Desde este punto de vista se muestran los resultados de una evaluación de impacto y sostenibilidad de las prácticas de manejo de plagas, a la vez que se documentan experiencias de alternativas al control químico. Entre los resultados obtenidos se destacan que en el municipio de San Antonio de los Baños, entre el 2000 y el 2005, se produjo una reducción total en el uso de plaguicidas del 63 %, la cantidad de plaguicidas por trabajador agrícola directo se redujo en 30.7 %, y por cada tonelada de alimento producido se utilizó un 70 % menos de plaguicidas. En el municipio Güira de Melena, dado los riesgos que representa el uso del endosulfan para la salud humana y el ambiente, desde hace 13 años, se decidió no utilizarlo; esa decisión no tuvo efectos negativos sobre la producción de alimentos. En este lapso se dejaron de aplicar 6537.44 kg ingrediente activo de este insecticida. Entre las principales alternativas implementadas en encuentran la producción y uso de entomófagos, entomopatógenos y antagonistas y la conservación de enemigos naturales mediante la diversificación de los sistemas.
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    Reclamation of agro-wastewater polluted with pesticide residues using sunlight activated persulfate for agricultural reuse.
    (Elsevier, 2019-04-10) Vela, Nuria; Fenoll, José; Garrido, Isabel; Pérez-Lucas, Gabriel; Flores, Pilar; Hellín, Pilar; Navarro, Simón; Química Agrícola, Geología y Edafología
    The removal of 17 pesticides (pymetrozine, flonicamid, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, cymoxanil, thiachloprid, spinosad, chlorantraniliprole, triadimenol, tebuconazole, fluopyram, difenoconazole, cyflufenamid, hexythiazox, spiromesifen, folpet and acrinathrin) found in agro-wastewater from washing of containers and phytosanitary treatments equipment, has been carried out using sodiumpersulfate (Na2S2O8) at pilot plant scale under natural sunlight. Persulfate is a strong oxidant, inexpensive and environmentally appropriate. However, this oxidant is slow in kinetics under ordinary conditions. Na2S2O8 can be activated by ultraviolet light, generating SO4•− radicals, which are also a very strong oxidizing species (E0= 2.6 V). Previously, preliminary experiments were carried out at laboratory scale using a photoreactor to optimize the Na2S2O8 (300 mg L−1) concentration on the rate constants of the found pesticides. The residual levels of the studied pesticides in agro-wastewater (900 L) were in the range 0.02–1.17 mg L−1 for acrinathrin and fluopyram, respectively. After treatment, nearly complete degradation (N97%) of the parent molecules was achieved although 13% of initial DOC was measured. No significant differences (p b 0.05) were found when comparing grown broccoli using reclaimed and unreclaimed water.
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    Sulfoxaflor effects depend on the interaction with other pesticides and Nosema ceranae infection in the honey bee (Apis mellifera)
    (Elsevier, 2023-10-01) Urueña, Álvaro; Blasco-Lavilla, Nuria; De la Rúa Tarín, Pilar; Zoología y Antropología Física
    Honey bees health is compromised by many factors such as the use of agrochemicals in agriculture and the various diseases that can affect them. Multiple studies have shown that these factors can interact, producing a synergistic effect that can compromise the viability of honey bees. This study analyses the interactions between different pesticides and the microsporidium Nosema ceranae and their effect on immune and detoxification gene expression, sugar consumption and mortality in the Iberian western honey bee (Apis mellifera iberiensis). For this purpose, workers were infected with N. ceranae and subjected to a sugar-water diet with field concentrations of the pesticides sulfoxaflor, azoxystrobin and glyphosate. Increased sugar intake and altered immune and cytochrome P450 gene expression were observed in workers exposed to sulfoxaflor and infected with N. ceranae. None of the pesticides affected Nosema spore production in honey bee gut. Of the three pesticides tested (alone or in combination) only sulfoxaflor increased mortality in honey bees. Taken together, our results suggest that the effects of sulfoxaflor were attenuated in contact with other pesticides, and that Nosema infection leads to increase sugar intake in sulfoxaflor-exposed bees. Overall, this underlines the importance of studying the interaction between different stressors to understand their overall impact not only on honey bee but also on wild bees health.