Browsing by Subject "Grade"

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    Histopathological prognostic factors for colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
    (Universidad de Murcia, Departamento de Biologia Celular e Histiologia, 2021) Cavalcante de Oliveira, Cássio Virgílio; Marques Fonseca, Gilton; Pirola Kruger, Jaime Arthur; Sobroza de Mello, Evandro; Ferreira Coelho, Fabricio; Herman, Paulo
    Introduction. Resection is the mainstay of treatment for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). Many different histopathological factors related to the primary colorectal tumour have been well studied; however, histopathological prognostic factors related to CRLMs are still under evaluation. Objective. To identify histopathological factors related to overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with resected CRLMs. Methods. A systematic review was performed with the following databases up to August 2020: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS. The GRADE approach was used to rate the overall certainty of evidence by outcome. Results. Thirty-three studies including 4,641 patients were eligible. We found very low certainty evidence that the following histopathological prognostic factors are associated with a statistically significant decrease in OS: presence of portal vein invasion (HR, 410.50 [95% CI, 0.37 to 0.68]; I2=0%), presence of perineural invasion (HR, 0.55 [95% CI, 420.36 to 0.83]; I2=0%), absence of pseudocapsule (HR, 0.41 [CI 95%, 0.29 to 0.57], p<0.00001; I2=0%), presence of satellite nodules (OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.26 to 0.80]; I2=0%), and the absence of peritumoural inflammatory infiltrate (OR, 0.20 [95% CI, 0.08 to 0.54]; I2=0%). Outcome data on DFS were scarce, except for tumour borders, which did not present a significant impact, precluding the meta-analysis. Conclusion. Of the histopathological prognostic factors studied, low- to moderate-certainty evidence shows that vascular invasion, perineural invasion, absence of pseudocapsule, presence of satellite nodules, and absence of peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate are associated with shorter overall survival in CRLMs.
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    Reading in English as a Foreign language: Examining differences in reading speed, comprehension, efficacy and L1 cross-linguistic influence across grades
    (Asociación Española de Comprensión Lectora, 2018) Llanes Baró, Àngels
    Reading in a second or foreign language (L2) is a more complicated process than reading in one's first language because it requires additional demands on the reader. Reading can be assessed from various domains. Reading fluency is known to be the most determining domain to identify reading problems (Rasinski, 2000). However, the goal of reading is comprehending a text, so comprehension should not be disregarded either. Despite the importance of reading in an L2, few studies have focused on examining its effects. The goal of the present study is threefold: first, to provide the estimates of L2 English reading rates of L1 Catalan/Spanish students of different ages and grades; second, to examine whether there are significant differences between participants of different grades in terms of reading rates, comprehension and efficacy; and third, to explore whether the students' reading rates in the L1 are correlated with their L2 reading rates and if so, the extent to which L1 reading rates explain L2 reading rates. 790 Catalan/Spanish learners of English participated in the present study. Participants were from 5th grade primary (age 12) to 2nd baccalaureate (age 18). They were asked to read two texts, one in English and the other one in their L1 (they could choose between Catalan or Spanish). They were asked to answer 7 multiple-choice comprehension questions after reading each text. Next, their scores on fluency (words read per minute), comprehension (percentage of comprehended text) and efficacy (a formula that integrates speed and comprehension) were obtained. Results show that reading fluency and comprehension are not linear and that they do not necessarily improve over time. Results also show that L1 and L2 reading fluency rates are highly correlated and that L1 reading rates explain a large percentage of L2 reading rates.