Browsing by Subject "European countries"

Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
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    Bayesian estimates of the incidence of rare cancers in Europe
    (Elsevier, 2018-06) Botta, L; Capocaccia, R; Trama, A; Herrmann, C; Salmerón, D; De Angelis, R; Mallone, S; Bidoli, E; Marcos- Gragera, R; Dudek-Godeau, D; Gatta, G; Cleries, R; Ciencias Sociosanitarias
    Background: The RARECAREnet project has updated the estimates of the burden of the 198 rare cancers in each European country. Suspecting that scant data could affect the reliability of statistical analysis, we employed a Bayesian approach to estimate the incidence of these cancers. Methods: We analyzed about 2,000,000 rare cancers diagnosed in 2000–2007 provided by 83 population-based cancer registries from 27 European countries. We considered European incidence rates (IRs), calculated over all the data available in RARECAREnet, as a valid a priori to merge with country-specific observed data. Therefore we provided (1) Bayesian estimates of IRs and the yearly numbers of cases of rare cancers in each country; (2) the expected time (T) in years needed to observe one new case; and (3) practical criteria to decide when to use the Bayesian approach. Results: Bayesian and classical estimates did not differ much; substantial differences (> 10%) ranged from 77 rare cancers in Iceland to 14 in England. The smaller the population the larger the number of rare cancers needing a Bayesian approach. Bayesian estimates were useful for cancers with fewer than 150 observed cases in a country during the study period; this occurred mostly when the population of the country is small. Conclusion: For the first time the Bayesian estimates of IRs and the yearly expected numbers of cases for each rare cancer in each individual European country were calculated. Moreover, the indicator T is useful to convey incidence estimates for exceptionally rare cancers and in small countries; it far exceeds the professional lifespan of a medical doctor.
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    Citizens' Evaluations of Democracy: A Microscope with Quality Seal.
    (Oxford University Press, 2016-05) Gómez, Braulio; Palacios Brihuega, Irene; Ciencia Política, Antropología Social y Hacienda Pública; Ferrín, Mónica; Kriesi, Hanspeter
    Este trabajo realiza un análisis comparativo de cómo los ciudadanos analizan el funcionamiento de la democracia en 28 países en Europa. El estudio realiza tres aportaciones: 1) Se analizan qué elementos democráticos son mejor/peor valorados por los ciudadanos europeos en sus respectivos países; 2) Se evalúa en qué medida los ciudadanos son capaces de proporcionar evaluaciones significativas sobre el desempeño de la democracia; y 3) Se evalúa en qué medida las evaluaciones de la democracia realizadas por los ciudadanos son coherentes con las realizadas por los expertos. Los resultados muestran que los europeos tienden a expresar los niveles más altos de insatisfacción con el desempeño de los elementos que consideran más esenciales para la democracia, lo que proporciona una interpretación significativa de la supuesta crisis de legitimidad democrática que afecta actualmente a los países europeos. Además, como lo demuestra la fuerte correlación entre sus evaluaciones y las de los expertos, las evaluaciones públicas del desempeño democrático deberían tomarse seriamente en consideración, ya que reflejan de manera bastante fiel el funcionamiento “objetivo” de la democracia.
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    Current issues of training specialists in the field of physical culture and sports in European countries
    (Universidad de Murcia. Servicio de publicaciones, 2024) Tsybanyuk, Oleksandra; Tymchuk, Liudmyla; Hnes, Nataliia; Dariichuk, Serhii
    The issue of training specialists in the field of physical culture and sports in European countries is becoming increasingly important due to various geopolitical, cultural, and political challenges of our time.The aim of this study was to examine contemporarytrends in the training of specialists within the field of physical culture and sports, to identify both pedagogical and global challenges that these specialists face, and to explore potential solutions to address these challenges effectively. The study employed a combination of analytical, descriptive, and theoretical methods, analyzing reports and documents on the quality and challenges faced by European educational institutions and sports organizations. The findings highlightedthe need to improve the overall state of development of physical culture and sports in European countries based on the principles of innovative pedagogical activity, effective management, and international cooperation. Additionally, these results can serve as theoretical, methodological, and practical resources for further research on the policies and training of specialists in physical culture and sports both in Europe and globally.