Browsing by Subject "Economic assessment"

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    Green Production of a High-Value Branched-Chain Diester: Optimization Based on Operating Conditions and Economic and Sustainability Criteria
    (MDPI, 2023-05-18) Montiel, C.; Gimeno-Martos, S.; Ortega Requena, Salvadora; Serrano-Arnaldos, M.; Máximo, F.; Bastida, J.; Ingeniería Química
    Featured Application: In the last years, consumers’ and administrations’ demand for more sustainable products and processes has been increasing. This work develops a new sustainable way to obtain a branched ester for cosmetic applications (neopentylglycol dilaurate) and demonstrates that this new production route can be economically competitive. Branched-chain esters (BCEs) have found a large number of applications in cosmetics. Among them, neopentyl glycol dilaurate (NPGDL) stands out as an emollient, emulsifier, and skin-conditioning agent. This work presents the synthesis of NPGDL in a solvent-free medium using the two most common immobilized lipases: Novozym® 40086 (Rml) and Novozym® 435 (CalB). Results proved that the former biocatalyst has lower activity and certain temperature deactivation, although conversions ≥ 90% were obtained at 60 °C and 7.5% of catalyst. On the other hand, optimal reaction conditions for Novozym® 435 are 3.75% w/w of the immobilized derivative at 80 °C. Under optimal conditions, the process productivities were 0.105 and 0.169 kg NPGDL/L h, respectively. In order to select the best conditions for NPGDL production, studies on the reuse of the derivative and cost estimation have been performed. Economic study shows that biocatalytic processes can be competitive when lipases are reused for five cycles, yielding biocatalyst productivities of 56 and 122 kg NPGDL/kg biocatalyst using Novozym® 40086 and Novozym® 435, respectively. The final choice will be based on both economic and sustainability criteria. Green metric values using both biocatalysts are similar but the product obtained using Novozym® 40086 is 20% cheaper, making this alternative the best option.
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    Sustainable Biocatalytic Procedure for Obtaining New Branched Acid Esters
    (MDPI, 2021-11-13) Montiel, M.C.; Asensi, M.; Gimeno-Martos, S.; Máximo, F.; Bastida, J.; Ingeniería Química
    Biocatalytic synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl 2-methylhexanoate is described in this work for the first time. This branched-chain ester is suitable for use at low temperatures in numerous applications. The immobilized lipase Novozym® 435 has demonstrated its ability to catalyze the ester synthesis from 2-ethylhexanol and 2-methylhexanoic acid in a solvent-free medium. The high reaction times that are required result in a loss of alcohol by evaporation, which must be compensated for with an excess of this substrate if high conversions are to be achieved. Therefore, two strategies are established: 70 ◦C with a 10% excess of alcohol, which requires a longer operating time and provides conversions of 97%, and 80 ◦C with a 20% excess of alcohol, which allows for the achievement of a 99% conversion in a shorter time. The optimal reaction conditions have been chosen based on reusability of the enzyme, process productivity, green metrics and preliminary economic study. When the synthesis is carried out under the best conditions (70 ◦C, 10% molar excess of alcohol and six uses of the immobilized enzyme) a productivity of 203.84 kg product × kg biocatalyst−1 is attained. The biocatalytic procedure matches many of the objectives of “green chemistry” and is suitable to be scaled up and used in industrial manufacturing